Dynamics of Salivary Adenosine Deaminase, Haptoglobin, and Cortisol in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Growing Pigs

Sali, Virpi; Veit, Christina; Valros, Anna; Junnikkala, Sami; Heinonen, Mari; Nordgreen, Janicke

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.698628

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In the pigs from this study, the cortisol response peaked at 3 hours postinjection, and this was still not back to basal level at 5 hours post LPS injection, whereas at the next sampling point, 24 hours postinjection, basal levels were seen again (Parois et al, 2022). This pattern of recovery in cortisol is in line with Sali et al (2021). Using a similar dose of LPS, others showed a rise in cortisol levels for at least 7 hours post-injection (de Groot et al, 2007).…”

Section: Response To Lpssupporting

confidence: 65%

Estimation of Resilience Parameters Following LPS Injection Based on Activity Measured With Computer Vision

Zande¹,

Guzhva²,

Parois³

et al. 2022

Front. Anim. Sci.

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Resilience could be referred to as the animal’s ability to successfully adapt to a challenge. This is typically displayed by a quick return to initial metabolic or activity levels and behaviors. Pigs have distinct diurnal activity patterns. Deviations from these patterns could potentially be utilized to quantify resilience. However, human observations of activity are labor intensive and not feasible in practice on a large scale. In this study, we show the use of a computer vision tracking algorithm to quantify resilience based on activity individual patterns following a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, which induced a sickness response. We followed 121 individual pigs housed in barren or enriched housing systems, as previous work suggests an impact of housing on resilience, for eight days. The enriched housing consisted of delayed weaning in a group farrowing system and extra space compared with the barren pens and environmental enrichment. Enriched housed pigs were more active pre-injection of LPS, especially during peak activity times, than barren housed pigs (49.4 ± 9.9 vs. 39.1 ± 5.0 meter/hour). Four pigs per pen received an LPS injection and two pigs a saline injection. LPS injected animals were more likely to show a dip in activity than controls (86% vs 17%). Duration and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the dip were not affected by housing. However, pigs with the same AUC could have a long and shallow dip or a steep and short dip. Therefore the AUC:duration ratio was calculated, and enriched housed pigs had a higher AUC:duration ratio compared to barren housed pigs (9244.1 ± 5429.8 vs 5919.6 ± 4566.1). Enriched housed pigs might therefore have a different strategy to cope with an LPS sickness challenge. However, more research on this strategy and the use of activity to quantify resilience and its relationship to physiological parameters is therefore needed.

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Section: Response To Lpssupporting

confidence: 65%

Estimation of Resilience Parameters Following LPS Injection Based on Activity Measured With Computer Vision

Zande¹,

Guzhva²,

Parois³

et al. 2022

Front. Anim. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the pigs from this study, the cortisol response peaked at 3 hours post-injection, and this was still not back to basal level at 5 hours post-LPS injection, whereas at the next sampling point, 24 hours post-injection, basal levels were seen again (Parois et al, 2022a). This pattern of recovery in cortisol is in line with Sali et al (2021). Using a similar dose of LPS, others showed a rise in cortisol levels for at least seven hours post-injection (de Groot et al, 2007).…”

Section: Response To Lpssupporting

confidence: 78%

Pigs behind the technology : individual activity monitoring to assess resilience in pigs

Zande¹

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Resilience is a highly relevant trait in pigs, as it may influence their welfare. Resilience is defined as the capacity to be minimally affected by and recover swiftly from a challenge. Resilience is, however, difficult to measure directly. A potentially relevant proxy measure for resilience is activity, as activity patterns deviate under challenging circumstances. The aim of this thesis was to explore novel technologies to measure activity changes as a proxy for resilience. Accelerometers and computer vision were implemented to measure activity following a sickness challenge. Increased root mean square error (RMSE), reflecting variation, and skewness in accelerometer activity three days after infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and changes therein compared with pre-infection levels, were associated with higher probability of morbidity and mortality, respectively. Pigs housed in an alternative system comprising group farrowing, delayed weaning, more space and enrichment materials (AHS) appeared to be more resilient and experienced less chronic stress than conventionally housed pigs (CONV), as they were less affected by and/or recovered faster from a transport and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness challenge, showed less cortisol accumulation in hairs and a lower variance in weight gain. Limited housing effects were found on characteristics of the LPS-induced activity dip, but AHS pigs showed higher baseline activity than CONV pigs. Relationships between the physiological changes and the activity dip in response to the LPS challenge were limited. Hence, sickness-induced changes in activity patterns cannot simply be used as a substitute of physiological data. This does not imply that the activity decrease in itself is not an important aspect of the sickness response which may have consequences for animal health. Taken together, activity patterns and deviations therein are, supplementary to physiological variables, promising indicators of (loss of) resilience in pigs. Overall, the results of this thesis contribute to the biological understanding of resilience and future enhancement of animal welfare.

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“…There is a good agreement between APPs quantified in saliva and serum, suggesting that salivary APP determinations could be used as an alternative to serum in the pig 170 . In experimental conditions, salivary Hp is a good biomarker of systemic inflammatory responses in pigs challenged with LPS 175 …”

Section: Main Applications Of App In Swinementioning

confidence: 86%

“…170 In experimental conditions, salivary Hp is a good biomarker of systemic inflammatory responses in pigs challenged with LPS. 175…”

Section: Acute Phase Proteins In Alternative Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute phase proteins in cattle and swine: A review

Saco

Bassols

2022

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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The major acute phase proteins (APPs) in cattle are haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and in swine, are Hp, SAA, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and Pig major acute phase protein (Pig‐MAP). Many methodologic assays are presently available to measure these parameters, which are still being improved to increase their specificity, sensitivity, user‐friendliness, and economic availability. In cattle, the main applications are the diagnosis and monitoring of frequent diseases such as mastitis and metritis in dairy cows and respiratory problems in young calves. In pigs, APPs are useful in the control of bacterial and viral infections, and they may be used at the slaughterhouse to monitor subclinical pathologies and improve food safety. The utility of APP in animal production must not be forgotten; optimization of protocols to improve performance, welfare, and nutrition may benefit from the use of APPs. Other sample types besides serum or plasma have potential uses; APP determination in milk is a powerful tool in the control of mastitis, saliva is a non‐invasive sample type, and meat juice is easily obtained at the slaughterhouse. Increasing our knowledge of reference intervals and the influence of variables such as age, breed, sex, and the season is important. Finally, worldwide harmonization and standardization of analytical procedures will help to expand the use of APPs.

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Dynamics of Salivary Adenosine Deaminase, Haptoglobin, and Cortisol in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Growing Pigs

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Estimation of Resilience Parameters Following LPS Injection Based on Activity Measured With Computer Vision

Estimation of Resilience Parameters Following LPS Injection Based on Activity Measured With Computer Vision

Pigs behind the technology : individual activity monitoring to assess resilience in pigs

Acute phase proteins in cattle and swine: A review

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