Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans Transcriptome in Response to Starch and Sucrose during Biofilm Development

Klein, Marlise I.; DeBaz, Lena; Agidi, Senyo; Lee, Herbert K. H.; Xie, Gary; Lin, Amy Hui‐Mei; Hamaker, Bruce R.; Lemos, José A.; Koo, H.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013478

Cited by 116 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

138

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…S. mutans activity was significantly increased in our subjects, as in a previous study (6), perhaps due to dietary factors (21). Increases in total anaerobes, Bacteroides, Fusobacteria, Veillonella, total aerobes, Neisseria, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Candida, and enteric bacilli activity could be due to the isolated environment and might further contribute to higher prevalences of periodontitis and caries (22,23). S. mutans activity strongly positively correlated with salivary IgG, possibly because IgG antibody activity in saliva is increased by greater S. mutans activity (24).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment

Rai¹,

Kaur²

2013

J Oral Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Salivary flow rate, immunoglobulin, and periodontal status were affected during a simulated Skylab mission. The effect is more prominent after long-duration space flights and can persist for several weeks after landing. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a simulated Mars environment on periodontal status and levels of salivary microorganisms and immunoglobulins in the human oral cavity. Twelve healthy male volunteers were studied before, at 1 and 2 weeks, and after completion of a mission in an isolated, confined simulated Mars environment at the Mars Desert Research Station, USA. We conducted a current stress test, measured salivary immunoglobulin, cortisol, α-amylase, salivary flow rate, and levels of plaque and salivary microbes, and assessed clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical loss of attachment). Salivary IgG levels and Streptococcus mutans activity were significantly higher at 1 week. Values for clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical loss of attachment) significantly differed at 1 week. Stress might be caused by the difficulty of the mission rather than the isolated environment, as mission duration was quite short. Periodontal condition might worsen due to poor oral hygiene during the mission. The present findings show that all periodontal conditions and levels of oral bacteria and stress after completion of the simulated Mars mission differed from those at baseline. To verify the relationship between stress status and periodontal health in simulated Mars missions, future studies using larger patient samples and longer follow-up will be required. (J Oral Sci 55, 139-143, 2013)

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Thus, saliva can be collected under conditions in which blood collection would be difficult or inadvisable. Technological advances have improved experimental approaches, thereby eliminating limitations on using saliva as a diagnostic tool in monitoring health or disease status (23)(24)(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment

Rai¹,

Kaur²

2013

J Oral Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The remaining suspension was centrifuged at 5,500 ϫ g for 10 min at 4°C, and the cell pellet was washed twice with water, dried in the dry oven at 105°C for 24 h, and weighed (43). The water soluble EPS (s-EPS), insoluble exopolysaccharides (i-EPS), and intracellular iodophilic polysaccharides (IPS) were extracted and quantified via colorimetric assays (42)(43)(44). Furthermore, the pH of the culture medium of treated and untreated biofilms was monitored every 2 h with an Orion pH electrode attached to an Orion 290 Aϩ pH meter (Thermo Fisher Scientific).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

l -Arginine Modifies the Exopolysaccharide Matrix and Thwarts Streptococcus mutans Outgrowth within Mixed-Species Oral Biofilms

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

L-Arginine, a ubiquitous amino acid in human saliva, serves as a substrate for alkali production by arginolytic bacteria. Recently, exogenous L-arginine has been shown to enhance the alkalinogenic potential of oral biofilm and destabilize its microbial community, which might help control dental caries. However, L-arginine exposure may inflict additional changes in the biofilm milieu when bacteria are growing under cariogenic conditions. Here, we investigated how exogenous L-arginine modulates biofilm development using a mixed-species model containing both cariogenic (Streptococcus mutans) and arginolytic (Streptococcus gordonii) bacteria in the presence of sucrose. We observed that 1.5% (wt/vol) L-arginine (also a clinically effective concentration) exposure suppressed the outgrowth of S. mutans, favored S. gordonii dominance, and maintained Actinomyces naeslundii growth within biofilms (versus vehicle control). In parallel, topical L-arginine treatments substantially reduced the amounts of insoluble exopolysaccharides (EPS) by >3-fold, which significantly altered the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the biofilm. Intriguingly, L-arginine repressed S. mutans genes associated with insoluble EPS (gtfB) and bacteriocin (SMU.150) production, while spxB expression (H 2 O 2 production) by S. gordonii increased sharply during biofilm development, which resulted in higher H 2 O 2 levels in arginine-treated biofilms. These modifications resulted in a markedly defective EPS matrix and areas devoid of any bacterial clusters (microcolonies) on the apatitic surface, while the in situ pH values at the biofilm-apatite interface were nearly one unit higher in arginine-treated biofilms (versus the vehicle control). Our data reveal new biological properties of L-arginine that impact biofilm matrix assembly and the dynamic microbial interactions associated with pathogenic biofilm development, indicating the multiaction potency of this promising biofilm disruptor. IMPORTANCEDental caries is one of the most prevalent and costly infectious diseases worldwide, caused by a biofilm formed on tooth surfaces. Novel strategies that compromise the ability of virulent species to assemble and maintain pathogenic biofilms could be an effective alternative to conventional antimicrobials that indiscriminately kill other oral species, including commensal bacteria. L-Arginine at 1.5% has been shown to be clinically effective in modulating cariogenic biofilms via alkali production by arginolytic bacteria. Using a mixed-species ecological model, we show new mechanisms by which L-arginine disrupts the process of biofilm matrix assembly and the dynamic microbial interactions that are associated with cariogenic biofilm development, without impacting the bacterial viability. These results may aid in the development of enhanced methods to control biofilms using L-arginine. Biofilms formed on surfaces are highly organized and structured microbial communities enmeshed in an extracellular matrix composed of polymeric substances, such as exopoly...

show abstract

“…cDNAs were amplified with specific primers using a MyiQ real-time PCR detection system with iQ SYBR Green supermix (BioRad). The following genes were amplified in qPCR assays with specific primer sets that were used in previous studies: gtfB, gtfC, gtfD (associated with EPS synthesis), pdhA (associated with glycolysis), atpD (acid tolerance), 16S rRNA (reference gene) [21][22][23]. Primers for fabM (acid tolerance) (5ʹ-ACTGATTAATGCCAATG GGAAAGTC-3ʹ and 5ʹ-TGCGAACAAGAGATTGTAC ATCATC-3ʹ), and glgP (intracellular sugar metabolism) (5ʹ-GACTTTAAAGACACTCTGCATGAAG-3ʹ and 5ʹ-A CGAACAACCTTAGCCAAAGAAG-3ʹ) were designed using Beacon Designer 2.0 software (Premier Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA).…”

Section: Gene Expression By S Mutans Within Mixed-species Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of trans‐trans farnesol, a membrane‐targeting sesquiterpenoid, on Streptococcus mutans physiology and survival within mixed‐species oral biofilms

et al. 2011

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trans-trans farnesol (tt-farnesol) is a bioactive sesquiterpene alcohol commonly found in propolis (a beehive product) and citrus fruits, which disrupts the ability of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) to form virulent biofilms. In this study, we investigated whether tt-farnesol affects cell-membrane function, acid production and/or acid tolerance by planktonic cells and biofilms of S. mutans UA159. Furthermore, the influence of the agent on S. mutans gene expression and ability to form biofilms in the presence of other oral bacteria (Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) 35037 and Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) 12104) was also examined. In general, tt-farnesol (1 mmol· L -1 ) significantly increased the membrane proton permeability and reduced glycolytic activity of S. mutans in the planktonic state and in biofilms (P<0.05). Moreover, topical applications of 1 mmol· L -1 tt-farnesol twice daily (1 min exposure/treatment) reduced biomass accumulation and prevented ecological shifts towards S. mutans dominance within mixed-species biofilms after introduction of 1% sucrose. S. oralis (a non-cariogenic organism) became the major species after treatments with tt-farnesol, whereas vehicle-treated biofilms contained mostly S. mutans (>90% of total bacterial population). However, the agent did not affect significantly the expression of S. mutans genes involved in acidogenicity, acid tolerance or polysaccharide synthesis in the treated biofilms. Our data indicate that tt-farnesol may affect the competitiveness of S. mutans in a mixed-species environment by primarily disrupting the membrane function and physiology of this bacterium. This naturally occurring terpenoid could be a potentially useful adjunctive agent to the current anti-biofilm/anti-caries chemotherapeutic strategies.

show abstract

Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans Transcriptome in Response to Starch and Sucrose during Biofilm Development

Cited by 116 publications

References 52 publications

Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment

Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment

l -Arginine Modifies the Exopolysaccharide Matrix and Thwarts Streptococcus mutans Outgrowth within Mixed-Species Oral Biofilms

Influences of trans‐trans farnesol, a membrane‐targeting sesquiterpenoid, on Streptococcus mutans physiology and survival within mixed‐species oral biofilms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About