Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Models in Nonhuman Primates: Part II. Model of Naturally Occurring or Experimental Obesity

Abstract

Obesity is viewed as one of the most serious public health issues of this century, which is likely due to economic growth, urbanization, modernization, life-style change and decreased physical activity. In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease. Sustained excessive accumulation of body fat to the extent, such as overweight or obesity, can reduce life expectancy and increase health risks, particularly heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular, diabetes and other health problems of obesity have been studied for many decades. Inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia, lipotoxicity, medical and others, such as genetic background and aging, may result in obesity. However, the underlying precise mechanisms have yet to be elucidated further. Various obesity animal models have been used and induced for obesity research and therapy. To better understand the pathophysiology of human obesity, corpulent nonhuman primates (NHPs) are useful models due to resembling humans, not only physiologically but in eating habits (bored-eat). NHP obesity models have been developed and used for delineating molecular and cellular mechanisms and for testing new novel therapies, which provides critical pre-clinic information for drug discovery. We recently published the data obtained from naturally occurring diabetes NHPs. This article summarizes the data collected from a large scale of naturally occurring and high calorie (fat) diet (HCD)-induced obesity monkeys housed in our facility. Manuscript for another NHP model, streptozocin-induced diabetes, developed in our facility will follow lately.

Diastolic dysfunction and impaired cardiac output reserve in dysmetabolic nonhuman primate with proteinuria

“…Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of spontaneously developed obesity, dysmetabolism and diabetes are used as the most translatable animal model in basic research to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as pharmaceutical testing of novel therapies [14][15][16]. Similar to human patients, dysmetabolic and diabetic NHPs also develop complications such as nephropathy [17] , nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) / steatohepatitis (NASH) [18], and cardiac dysfunction [19].…”

Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Models in Nonhuman Primates: Part IV. Pancreatic Beta Cell Dysfunction and Diabetes Progression

“…Various animal models have been used in preclinical research for understanding the disease and discovering new novel therapies [6][7][8][9]. NHPs can naturally develop T2DM [10][11][12][13][14][15] a crucial pre-clinical model with important similarity to human endocrine physiology that facilitates translation of experimental findings to clinic. Diabetes accelerates the atherosclerotic process and its morbid consequences.…”

Long-term blood glucose monitoring with implanted telemetry device in conscious and stress-free cynomolgus monkeys

“…To evaluate β-cell function, ivGTT, oGTT, ITT, GGI, and glucose clamp were performed in the experimental monkeys according to the method reported previously [ 5 , 6 , 14 – 17 ]. The results obtained from implanted HD-XG telemetry device were compared with those measured by the glucometer (StatStrip Xpress meter, Waltham, MA, USA) via the tail prick method.…”