E-D2CARP: A joint path and spectrum diversity based routing protocol with an optimized path selection for cognitive radio ad hoc networks

Abstract

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a new paradigm which offers a viable solution to deal with the spectrum shortage problem and enhance the spectrum utilization. In Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs), data routing is one of the most challenging tasks due to frequent topology changes and intermittent connectivity caused by the activity of Primary Users (PUs). This paper proposes a joint path and spectrum diversity based routing protocol with an optimized path selection for CRAHNs, referred to the Enhanced Dual Diversity Cognitive Ad-hoc Routing Protocol (E-D2CARP). The Expected Path Delay (EPD) routing metric used in the protocol for path decision is also introduced. The protocol utilizes the joint path and spectrum diversity and circumvents the PU regions during path establishment phase in order to make the transmission path less vulnerable to the impact of PU activities and provide efficient route recovery in presence of path failures resulting from PU activities. The performance evaluations are conducted through simulations using the NS-2 simulator. Simulation results obviously demonstrate that the E-D2CARP can achieve better performance in terms of average throughput, packet loss, average end-to-end delay, and average jitter as compared to the recently proposed D2CARP protocol in identical scenarios.

Probabilistic and deterministic path selection in cognitive radio network

“…The authors in [32] proposed the Enhanced Dual Diversity Cognitive Ad‐hoc Routing Protocol (E‐D2CARP). E‐D2CARP protocol uses energy as the quality metric and is based on three approaches: expected path delay, PU region avoidance and joint path and spectrum diversity [33].…”

Classification of Routing Protocols Based on Routing Metrics in Cognitive Radio AD HOC Networks

“…In [8] the authors proposed a joint path spectrum diversity based routing protocol with an optimized path selection for CRAHNs. During path establishment, it avoids Primary User (PU) region and makes transmission path less vulnerable to the PU activities.…”

An Energy-Efficient and Robust Multipath Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

“…The joint path and spectrum diversity-based routing protocol (E-D2CARP) [ 15 ] exploits a multipath and multichannel environment to circumvent PU-affected regions and alleviate the PU occupancy problem. Nevertheless, it does not guarantee energy-efficient paths because no energy metric is involved in route selection.…”