Early Detection of Refractive Errors by Photorefraction at School Age

Álvarez, Marta; Benedi-Garcia, Clara; Concepcion-Grande, Pablo; Dotor, Paulina; González, A.; Chamorro, Eva; Cleva, José Miguel

doi:10.3390/ijerph192315880

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, multiple environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors can prevent normal visual development and lead to refractive errors (RE) [ 3 – 6 ]. This is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in schoolchildren [ 7 – 9 ]. Especially after the age of 6 years, there is a clear tendency to myopia [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6–11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Zhao,

Lu,

Tang

et al. 2024

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background The anatomic structure of the anterior chamber (AC) helps to explain differences in refractive status in school-aged children and is closely associated with primary angle closure (PAC). The aim of this study was to quantify and analyze the anterior chamber and angle (ACA) characteristics in Chinese children with different refractive status by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods In a cross-sectional observational study, 383 children from two primary schools in Shandong Province, China, underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. First, the anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber width (ACW), angle-opening distance (AOD), and trabecular-iris space area (TISA) were evaluated automatically using a CASIA2 imaging device. AOD and TISA were measured at 500, 750 μm nasal (N1 and N2, respectively), and temporal (T1 and T2, respectively) to the scleral spur (SS). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) were then measured. According to spherical equivalent refraction (SER), the children were assigned to hyperopic (SER > 0.50D), emmetropic (-0.50D < SER ≤ 0.50D), and myopic groups (SER ≤ -0.50D). Results Out of the 383 children, 349 healthy children (160 girls) with a mean age of 8.23 ± 1.06 years (range: 6–11 years) were included. The mean SER and AL were − 0.10 ± 1.57D and 23.44 ± 0.95 mm, respectively. The mean ACD and ACW were 3.17 ± 0.24 mm and 11.69 ± 0.43 mm. The mean AOD were 0.72 ± 0.25, 0.63 ± 0.22 mm at N1, T1, and 0.98 ± 0.30, 0.84 ± 0.27 mm at N2, T2. The mean TISA were 0.24 ± 0.09, 0.22 ± 0.09mm2 at N1, T1, and 0.46 ± 0.16, 0.40 ± 0.14mm2 at N2, T2. The myopic group had the deepest AC and the widest angle. Compared with boys, girls had shorter AL, shallower ACD, narrower ACW, and ACA (all p < 0.05). By Pearson’s correlation analysis, SER was negatively associated with ACD, AOD, and TISA. AL was positively associated with ACD, ACW, AOD, and TISA. In the multiple regression analysis, AOD and TISA were associated with deeper ACD, narrower ACW, and longer AL. Conclusion In primary school students, the myopic eyes have deeper AC and wider angle. ACD, ACW, AOD, and TISA all increase with axial elongation. ACA is highly correlated with deeper ACD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6–11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Zhao,

Lu,

Tang

et al. 2024

BMC Ophthalmol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, multiple environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors can prevent normal visual development and lead to refractive errors (RE) [3][4][5][6]. This is one of the leading causes of vision impairment in schoolchildren [7][8][9]. Especially after the age of 6 years, there is a clear tendency to myopia [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6-11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Zhao

Tang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose To quantify and analyze the anterior chamber (AC) and angle (ACA) characteristics in Chinese children with different refractive status by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods In a cross-sectional observational study, 383 children from two primary schools in Shandong Province, China, underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. First, the anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber width (ACW), angle-opening distance (AOD), and trabecular-iris space area (TISA) were evaluated automatically using a CASIA2 imaging device. AOD and TISA were measured at 500, 750µm nasal (N1 and N2, respectively), and temporal (T1 and T2, respectively) to the scleral spur (SS). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) were then measured. According to spherical equivalent refraction (SER), the children were assigned to hyperopic (SER > 0.50D), emmetropic (-0.50D < SER ≤ 0.50D), and myopic groups (SER ≤ -0.50D). Results Out of the 383 children, 349 healthy children (160 girls) with a mean age of 8.23 ± 1.06 years (range: 6–11 years) were included. The mean SER and AL were − 0.10 ± 1.57D and 23.44 ± 0.95mm, respectively. The mean ACD and ACW were 3.17 ± 0.24mm and 11.69 ± 0.43mm. The mean AOD were 0.72 ± 0.25, 0.63 ± 0.22mm at N1, T1, and 0.98 ± 0.30, 0.84 ± 0.27mm at N2, T2. The mean TISA were 0.24 ± 0.09, 0.22 ± 0.09mm2 at N1, T1, and 0.46 ± 0.16, 0.40 ± 0.14mm2 at N2, T2. The myopic group had the deepest AC and the widest angle. Compared with boys, girls had shorter AL, shallower ACD, narrower ACW, and ACA (all p < 0.05). By Pearson’s correlation analysis, SER was negatively associated with ACD, AOD, and TISA. AL was positively associated with ACD, ACW, AOD, and TISA. In the multiple regression analysis, AOD and TISA were associated with deeper ACD, narrower ACW, and longer AL. Conclusion In primary school students, the myopic eyes have deeper AC and wider angle. ACD, ACW, AOD, and TISA all increase with axial elongation. ACA is highly correlated with deeper ACD.

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Agreement in non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction between a photoscreener and a calibrated autorefractor

Kanclerz,

Przewłócka,

Arnold

2024

BMC Ophthalmol

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Introduction Photoscreeners have been shown to provide excellent measurements of the refractive error. However, whether they could be used for assessing cycloplegic refraction has not been examied. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic measurements obtained using a photoscreener and stationary autorefractor, respectively. Methods This study included all patients undergoing routine ophthalmic examination at the Hygeia Clinic (Poland) from June to July 2022. Each patient underwent non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction assessments using the 2WIN photoscreener (Adaptica SRL, Padova, Italy) and an ARK-1 stationary autorefractor ARK-1 (Nidek Co Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Each pair of assessments was conducted in random order, and all values were determined at a vertical distance of 12 mm. The agreement between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic measurements was assessed using paired t-tests, Bland-Altman and ABCD ellipsoids. Results This analysis included 82 patients, of which 52 were female. Their mean age was 34.39 ± 13.13 years. The non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) did not differ significantly between the 2WIN (− 1.22 ± 2.45) and ARK-1 (− 1.19 ± 2.96) devices (p = 0.580). However, the cycloplegic SE values demonstrated more negative values with the 2WIN device (− 1.13 ± 2.19) than with the ARK-1 device (− 0.75 ± 3.03; p = 0.007). The non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic measurements were strongly correlated between the devices (r = 0.9473 and 0.9411, respectively). However, the correlation between their cycloplegic shifts in SE was low (r = 0.2645). Ellipsoid refraction aligned better non-cycloplegic (ARK-1 = 1.00; 2WIN = 1.74) than with cycloplegic refraction (ARK-1 = 1.43; 2WIN = 1.90). Conclusion While the cycloplegic measurements obtained with the 2WIN photoscreener were strongly correlated with those obtained with the ARK-1 stationary autorefractor for most of the analyzed parameters, they should not be considered interchangeable.

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Early Detection of Refractive Errors by Photorefraction at School Age

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6–11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6–11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Anterior chamber and angle characteristics in Chinese children (6-11 years old) with different refractive status using swept-source optical coherence tomography

Agreement in non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction between a photoscreener and a calibrated autorefractor

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