Early glacial maximum and deglaciation at sub-Antarctic Marion Island from cosmogenic 36Cl exposure dating

Rudolph, Elizabeth M.; Hedding, David William; Fabel, Derek; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Gheorghiu, Delia; Shanks, Richard; Nel, Werner

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106208

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…during Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3)), glaciers covered a greater part of the archipelago, and 36 Cl chronologies obtained from moraines and erratic boulders revealed that CIC outlet glaciers were generally retreating from ~40 to ~15 ka (Jomelli et al 2017, 2018). This indirectly implies that Kerguelen glaciers might have experienced an early local Last Glacial Maximum during MIS 3, in agreement with recent findings on Marion Island (Rudolph et al 2020). The deglaciation trend was interrupted ~15–12 ka in at least two locations on the archipelago, probably during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR; Jomelli et al 2017, 2018).…”

Section: Previous Studies On Kerguelen Glacierssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The archipelago is of major regional interest because it is the largest above-water glaciated area of the sub-Antarctic (552 km 2 ; Berthier et al 2009) It is one of the few places in the Indian Ocean where glacial records are available, besides Heard Island (e.g. Thost & Truffer 2008) and the recently investigated Marion Islands (Rudolph et al 2020). The Cook Ice Cap (CIC, 410 km 2 in 2001) is the largest glaciated area on the Kerguelen Archipelago with marine and terrestrial termini.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is one of the few places in the Indian Ocean where glacial records are available, besides Heard Island (e.g. Thost & Truffer 2008) and the recently investigated Marion Islands (Rudolph et al 2020). Cook Ice Cap (CIC; 410 km 2 in 2001) is the largest glaciated area on Kerguelen Archipelago with marine and terrestrial termini.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A debris-covered glacier at Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E) over the past 15 000 years

et al. 2020

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Debris-covered glaciers constitute a large part of the world's cryosphere. However, little is known about their long-term response to multi-millennial climate variability, in particular in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we provide first insights into the response of a debris-covered glacier to multi-millennial climate variability in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago, which can be compared to that of recently investigated debris-free glaciers. We focus on the Gentil Glacier and present 13 new 36Cl cosmic-ray exposure ages from moraine boulders. The Gentil Glacier experienced at least two glacial advances: the first one during the Late Glacial (19.0–11.6 ka) at ~14.3 ka and the second one during the Late Holocene at ~2.6 ka. Both debris-covered and debris-free glaciers advanced broadly synchronously during the Late Glacial, most probably during the Antarctic Cold Reversal event (14.5–12.9 ka). This suggests that both glacier types at Kerguelen were sensitive to abrupt temperature changes recorded in Antarctic ice cores, associated with increased moisture. However, during the Late Holocene, the advance at ~2.6 ka was not observed in other glaciers and seems to be an original feature of the debris-covered Gentil Glacier, related to either distinct dynamics or to distinct sensitivity to precipitation changes.

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Section: Previous Studies On Kerguelen Glacierssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A debris-covered glacier at Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E) over the past 15 000 years

et al. 2020

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“…Marion Island is located in the southern Indian Ocean, approximately halfway between the southern tip of Africa and the continent of Antarctica. The island is volcanic in origin, and is comprised of smoothed preglacial and rugged postglacial lava flows (Rudolph et al, 2020). Marion Island experiences strong and consistent westerly winds on most days of the year (Pendlebury & Barnes‐Keoghan, 2007; le Roux, 2008), with a mean annual wind speed of approximately 8 m/s (le Roux & McGeoch, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress

Momberg

Hedding

Luoto

et al. 2021

J Vegetation Science

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Questions Species distribution models have traditionally relied heavily on temperature and precipitation, often ignoring other potentially important variables. However, recent advances have shown other climatic variables, including snow cover and solar radiation, may strongly improve predictions of species occurrence. Wind has long been known to have mechanical and physiological impacts on plants, but has not yet received adequate attention as a driver of species distributions. Location Marion Island, sub‐Antarctic. Methods Using data from 1,440 plots in a chronically windy system, we test if wind stress (a combination of wind exposure and wind speed) improves species distribution models of vascular plant species, examining predictions for both species occurrence and cover. Results Wind stress was a significant predictor of the occurrence of 12 of the 16 species, even after accounting for seven other ecophysiologically important abiotic variables. Species showed differential responses to wind, but wind stress was among the four most important drivers for the majority of species when modelling occurrence patterns (10 of 16) and variation in cover (12 of 16). Further, wind stress was more important than all temperature and precipitation variables in predicting the occurrence of six species (and three species’ cover). Conclusions Wind conditions were most influential for species that are characteristic of open, wet environments and for pteridophyte species, likely due to high wind speeds and exposure increasing the potential for moisture loss. This research highlights the value of incorporating wind metrics into species distribution models, particularly under changing wind patterns.

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“…Scott 1985). More recent applications of direct dating methods (see Rudolph et al 2020) and the creation of a spatial database of Marion Island's glacial geomorphology (Rudolph et al 2021a) permit a new model of the island's last local glaciation to be proposed. Here, we present an updated reconstruction of the positions of lateral palaeo-ice margins and glacial basins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatial model of Marion Island's palaeo-ice extent

2022

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Sub-Antarctic Marion Island's glacial history has acted as a control on abiotic terrestrial processes and the colonization and distribution of biotic species found on the island today. Recent chronological studies have shown an early deglaciation of the island and identified new geomorphological features associated with past ice dynamics. These permit a reassessment of ice extent during and after the island's last local glacial maximum. In this paper, we provide a revised reconstruction of the island's palaeo-ice extent by using a geomorphology-based approach to delineate palaeo-ice margins and demarcate possible glacial basins. The model presented here provides the needed spatial context for future studies on the variations in the distribution of species (e.g. microorganisms and plant species) and abiotic processes and forms (e.g. soil development and periglacial landforms). In addition, it highlights areas that require improved geophysical assessment in order to produce a more complete island-scale reconstruction of former ice extents (e.g. the west coast).

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Early glacial maximum and deglaciation at sub-Antarctic Marion Island from cosmogenic 36Cl exposure dating

Cited by 22 publications

References 62 publications

A debris-covered glacier at Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E) over the past 15 000 years

A debris-covered glacier at Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E) over the past 15 000 years

Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress

A spatial model of Marion Island's palaeo-ice extent

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