Early host-pathogen interactions in marine bivalves: Evidence that the alveolate parasite Perkinsus marinus infects through the oyster mantle during rejection of pseudofeces

Allam, Bassem; Carden, Wade E.; Ward, J. Evan; Ralph, Gina M.; Winnicki, S; Espinosa, Emmanuelle Pales

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2012.12.011

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…There are no intermediate hosts and all stages of the parasite's lifecycle are infective (VILLALBA et al, 2004). Infection is thought to occur through at least two mechanisms: 1) via ingestion of the parasite into the gastrointestinal tract (TASUMI & VASTA, 2007;CHU, 1996;BUSHEK et al, 2002), and 2) in the act of feeding through the oyster mantle during the rejection of pseudofeces at the labial palps (ALLAM et al, 2013). However, there are no existing studies on vertical transmission of Perkinsus spp., even though in cases with a severe intensity of infection, the gonad follicles can contain numerous parasite cells (CASAS & VILLALBA, 2012;SILVA et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. inCrassostrea gasar oysters in polyculture with shrimps in northeastern Brazil

Silva

Costa

Araújo

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Bivalve culture is of considerable economic and social interest in northeastern (NE) Brazil. The polyculture is an alternative approach to traditional monoculture for reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming and improving oyster culture. Perkinsus marinus and Perkinsus olseni were found infecting oysters in NE Brazil and can threaten oyster production. This study evaluated Perkinsus spp. occurrence in Crassostrea gasar during all production stages. Oyster spats were produced in a hatchery and grown in shrimp ponds in Rio Grande do Norte state. Perkinsus spp. were surveyed by Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined in oysters until they reached 7 cm. Results showed that the broodstock was already infected by Perkinsus (60%), but the derived spats were Perkinsus-free. Oyster spats acquired Perkinsus infection when transferred to ponds. The prevalence gradually increased in the seven months following placement in ponds (73%), and then decreased to 17% by the tenth month. The infections were initially mild, but intensity increased at the final growth stage. In conclusion, it is possible to produce Perkinsus-free C. gasar oyster spats from infected broodstock, and their culture in shrimp ponds is feasible.Keywords: Crassostrea gasar, hatchery, oyster, polyculture, Perkinsus sp., sanitary control. ResumoO cultivo de bivalves é de grande interesse econômico e social no Nordeste (NE) do Brasil. O policultivo é uma alternativa ao monocultivo tradicional de camarões para reduzir o impacto ambiental e melhorar a produção de ostras. Perkinsus marinus e Perkinsus olseni foram identificados infectando ostras no Nordeste do Brasil e representam uma ameaça a produção de ostras. Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de Perkinsus spp. em Crassostrea gasar durante todas as fases de produção. Sementes de ostras foram produzidas em laboratório e cultivadas em viveiros de camarão no Rio Grande do Norte. Perkinsus spp. foram diagnosticados com o uso do meio de tioglicolato fluido de Ray e confirmado por reação em cadeia da polimerase. A prevalência e intensidade de infecção foram determinadas em ostras até atingirem 7 cm. Os resultados mostraram que os reprodutores encontravam-se infectados por Perkinsus (60%), mas as sementes produzidas estavam livres de Perkinsus. As sementes adquiriram a infecção por Perkinsus quando transferidas para os viveiros. A prevalência aumentou gradualmente nos sete meses após a colocação nos viveiros (73%) e, em seguida, diminuiu para 17% até o décimo mês. As infecções foram inicialmente leves, mas aumentaram até a fase final do crescimento. Em conclusão, é possível produzir sementes de ostras C. gasar livres de Perkinsus a partir de reprodutores infectados e seu cultivo em viveiros de camarão é viável.Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gasar, unidade de reprodução, ostras, policultivo, Perkinsus sp., controle sanitário.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. inCrassostrea gasar oysters in polyculture with shrimps in northeastern Brazil

Silva

Costa

Araújo

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…Accordingly, granulocytes of C. virginica produce and secret galectins (CvGal), that interacts with algal food and strongly with P. marinus in the gut lumen, function as opsonin and leading to phagocytosis, contributing to spreading the pathogen into host (Tasumi and Vasta, 2007). However, mucus and pseudofaeces may also be considered an entrance for P. marinus to cross the epithelial layer of the mantle (Allam et al 2013).…”

Section: Histopathological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites infecting the cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) in Northeast Brazil

et al. 2015

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The oyster Crassostrea gasar is a species widely used as food and a source of income for the local population of the estuaries of Northeast Brazil. Perkinsus marinus and Perkinsus olseni are deleterious parasites for oyster farming and were recently detected in Brazil. In this study, a histopathologic survey of the oyster C. gasar cultured in the estuary of the River Mamanguape (Paraíba State) was performed. Adult oysters were collected in December 2011 and March, May, August and October 2012 and processed for histology and Perkinsus sp. identification by molecular analyses. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of parasitic organisms including viral gametocytic hypertrophy, prokaryote-like colonies, protozoans (Perkinsus sp. and Nematopsis sp.) and metazoans (Tylocephalum sp. and cestodes). Other commensal organisms were also detected (the protozoan Ancistrocoma sp. and the turbellarian Urastoma sp.). The protozoan parasite Perkinsus sp. had the highest overall prevalence among the symbiotic organisms studied (48.9%), followed by Nematopsis sp. (36.3%). The other organisms were only sporadically observed. Only the protozoan Perkinsus sp. caused alterations in the oysters' infected organs. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of P. marinus, P. olseni and Perkinsus beihaiensis infecting the oyster C. gasar. This is the first report of P. beihaiensis in this oyster species.

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“…For example, desiccation stress increases and time available for filter-feeding decreases with tidal elevation (Peterson and Black, 1987;ASMFC, 2007;Coen and Grizzle, 2016), potentially modifying the condition of molluscs and hence their capacity to resist disease. Further, filter-feeding bivalves lower on the shore may potentially filter greater volumes (for extended periods) of parasite-laden water, such that the encounter rate between hosts and parasites is greater (Allam et al, 2013;Ben-Horin et al, in press in this volume). The higher prevalence of trematode parasites among Littorina littorea higher than lower on the shore is hypothesized to reflect the greater exposure time of high-intertidal snails to feeding birds (see Fig.…”

Section: Abiotic Determinants Of Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host–parasite interactions of marine molluscs

Coen

Bishop

2015

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Early host-pathogen interactions in marine bivalves: Evidence that the alveolate parasite Perkinsus marinus infects through the oyster mantle during rejection of pseudofeces

Cited by 48 publications

References 70 publications

Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. inCrassostrea gasar oysters in polyculture with shrimps in northeastern Brazil

Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. inCrassostrea gasar oysters in polyculture with shrimps in northeastern Brazil

Parasites infecting the cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) in Northeast Brazil

The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host–parasite interactions of marine molluscs

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