Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England

Abstract

The evolution of trees and forests through the Devonian Period fundamentally changed Earth's land biosphere, as well as impacting physical environments and geomorphology by stabilizing sediment and interacting with flowing air and water. From the mid Givetian Age onwards, lignophyte flora are known to have been key parts of the machinery in the ‘Devonian Landscape Factory’, but the impact of earlier forests, dominated by less woody cladoxylopsids, are not as well understood. In this paper we report evidence for a previously unrecognized cladoxylopsid forest landscape, archived within the Eifelian Hangman Sandstone Formation of Somerset and Devon, SW England. This unit has previously been considered palaeobotanically depauperate but is here shown to contain the earliest fossil evidence for such trees in the British record, as well as the oldest known evidence globally for the relative position of standing trees: in common parlance a ‘fossil forest’. In addition to abundant fossil material attributable to the cladoxylopsid tree Calamophyton , and other early Middle Devonian flora, the sedimentary context of the plant remains sheds light on the biogeomorphic impacts of these earliest forests. The trees colonized a sizeable distributive fluvial system (DFS) that was prone to seasonal disturbance events. The nature of the sedimentary system has created a bias to those facies where biogeomorphic signatures are most frequently recorded (from the distal parts of the system), but across the DFS there is evidence of plant-sediment interactions in the form of vegetation-induced sedimentary structures, rooting features, and accumulations of plant debris. Plant remains are also found in nearshore facies adjacent to the DFS, attesting to the development of a novel non-marine/marine teleconnection from the production and export of new biological sedimentary particles. The Hangman Sandstone Formation is illustrative of the revolutionary power of cladoxylopsid trees as biogeomorphic agents, forming densely spaced forests and shedding exceptionally abundant plant debris, whilst also impacting local landforms and sediment accumulations and profoundly changing landform resilience against flood disturbance events. These findings provide evidence that the Eifelian Stage (393.3-387.7 Ma) marks the onset of tree-driven changes to physical environments that would forever change Earth's non-marine landscapes and biosphere. Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7084873

Fern-like Plants Establishing the Understory of the Late Devonian Xinhang Lycopsid Forest

“…Among them, Late Devonian Rhacophyton dominated the floodplain swamps and the understory in the shade of Archaeopteris or lycopsids [26,[47][48][49], possibly similar to the fern-like plants in Xinhang forest. which is also composed of pseudosporochnalean trees [19]. In the Late Devonian, structural transition in forests happened according to the existing evidence.…”

“…Among Devonian fern-like plants, the order Pseudosporochnales contains some treesized members (e.g., Pseudosporochnus, Lorophyton, Pietzschia and Eospermatopteris) and contributes to the earliest forest ecosystems in the Devonian [11,12,18,19], while other fern-like plants are smaller in size and rarely known in relation to the forests [2]. In order to clarify the habits of Devonian fern-like plants including Xinhangia, detailed comparisons of relative morphology are given in Table 1.…”

“…Eifelian Lindlar assemblage, Givetian Cairo and Gilboa forests from N.Y., USA, [9,12,13,18,42,43] are mainly composed of pseudosporochnalean trees, despite the fact that they are inferred to represent different living environments (Table 2). Just recently, a new study reports the earliest forest in England, four million years older than the one in Gilboa, which is also composed of pseudosporochnalean trees [19]. In the Late Devo-nian, structural transition in forests happened according to the existing evidence.…”

Biological Carbon Sequestration: From Deep History to the Present Day

“…In general, plants are faster growing and more effective at carbon sequestration than algae, with perennial woody species, such as trees, being by far the most efficient organisms in terms of the removal of atmospheric CO 2 and its long-term sequestration as organic carbon deposits. This is because trees convert much of their fixed CO 2 into lignified tissues, such as wood, which first appeared during the Devonian Period about 400 million years ago [60,61].…”