Eastern equine encephalitis in the United States, 1971: Past and prologue

Maness, Kathryn S. C.; Calisher, Charles H.

doi:10.1007/bf01567925

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…EEEV was isolated from tissues of dead horses and birds during this period, representing the first records of EEEV in the state ( Shahan and Giltner 1943 , Brown 1947 , Beadle 1952 ). The second reported isolation of EEEV from tissues of a dead horse from Michigan was in 1971 for which no case records were available ( Maness and Calisher 1981 ). The next outbreak after the 1942–1943 episode occurred from 1973 to 1976, involving 44 horse cases, 36 of which occurred in 1973, four in 1974, three in 1975, and one in 1976.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity

Stobierski

Signs

Dinh

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is an emerging public health concern in the state of Michigan. Although Michigan has one of the highest incidence rates of EEE in the United States, much of the information known about cases in humans, equines, and other animals residing in Michigan is unpublished. This article summarizes such information and explores spatial trends in the historic distribution of EEE in Michigan. Outbreaks in Michigan have occurred over an 80-yr interval, involving only horses in 1942–1943 and 1973–1976, and then episodically from 1980 to 2020, and involving horses, humans, and wild and domestic animals. An estimated 1,036 equine cases (confirmed and suspected) and 36 confirmed human cases have occurred, including 10 in 2019 (6 deaths) and 4 in 2020 (2 deaths). Human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 yr; 70% were male, and fatality rate of 34.3%. Equine and human cases occurred from July to October, peaked in August, and cluster in space in southwestern and southeastern lower Michigan. Cases occurred in glacial outwash and ice-contact landscapes in glacial interlobate zones. EEE virus (EEEV) was recovered from Culiseta melanura, Coquillettidia perturbans, five species of Aedes, and other mosquito species near horse and human case sites. Virus isolations or presence of neutralizing antibodies in several passerine species of birds suggest broad EEEV–bird associations. White-tailed deer and other wildlife were also affected. Geographic spread to northern areas of the state suggests expansion of this disease system into new and unsuspected foci.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity

Stobierski

Signs

Dinh

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Entomology

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“…Osb. ), was isolated and grown in PW medium [12]. The first colonies were observed between 10 and 15 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the biofilm proteome of Xylella fastidiosa

Silva

Souza²,

Takita³

et al. 2011

Proteome Sci

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BackgroundXylella fastidiosa is limited to the xylem of the plant host and the foregut of insect vectors (sharpshooters). The mechanism of pathogenicity of this bacterium differs from other plant pathogens, since it does not present typical genes that confer specific interactions between plant and pathogens (avr and/or hrp). The bacterium is injected directly into the xylem vessels where it adheres and colonizes. The whole process leads to the formation of biofilms, which are considered the main mechanism of pathogenicity. Cells in biofilms are metabolically and phenotypically different from their planktonic condition. The mature biofilm stage (phase of higher cell density) presents high virulence and resistance to toxic substances such as antibiotics and detergents. Here we performed proteomic analysis of proteins expressed exclusively in the mature biofilm of X. fastidiosa strain 9a5c, in comparison to planktonic growth condition.ResultsWe found a total of 456 proteins expressed in the biofilm condition, which correspond to approximately 10% of total protein in the genome. The biofilm showed 37% (or 144 proteins) different protein than we found in the planktonic growth condition. The large difference in protein pattern in the biofilm condition may be responsible for the physiological changes of the cells in the biofilm of X. fastidiosa. Mass spectrometry was used to identify these proteins, while real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction monitored expression of genes encoding them. Most of proteins expressed in the mature biofilm growth were associated with metabolism, adhesion, pathogenicity and stress conditions. Even though the biofilm cells in this work were not submitted to any stress condition, some stress related proteins were expressed only in the biofilm condition, suggesting that the biofilm cells would constitutively express proteins in different adverse environments.ConclusionsWe observed overexpression of proteins related to quorum sensing, proving the existence of communication between cells, and thus the development of structuring the biofilm (mature biofilm) leading to obstruction of vessels and development of disease. This paper reports a first proteomic analysis of mature biofilm of X. fastidiosa, opening new perspectives for understanding the biochemistry of mature biofilm growth in a plant pathogen.

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“…No data about the duration of the latent period is available. EEEV was isolated from 67 out of 1551 equids studied including healthy individuals in the USA during 1971 (Maness and Calisher, 1981). No other studies about the presence of the viruses in healthy carriers are available.…”

Section: Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…No data about the duration of the latent period is available. 2004 6 2 1 0 7 2 2005 21 8 0 0 21 8 2006 8 5 0 0 8 5 2007 3 0 1 0 4 0 2008 4 1 0 0 4 1 2009 3 1 1 0 4 1 2010 10 5 0 0 10 5 2011 4 3 0 0 4 3 2012 15 5 0 0 15 5 2013 8 4 0 0 8 4 total 82 34 3 0 85 34 EEEV was isolated from out of 1551 equids studied including healthy individuals in the USA during (Maness and Calisher, 1981). No other studies about the presence of the viruses in healthy carriers are available.…”

Section: Presencementioning

confidence: 99%