Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Upstate New York: Studies of a 1976 Epizootic by a Modified Serologic Technique, Hemagglutination Reduction, for Rapid Detection of Virus Infections *

Srihongse, S; Ma, Grayson; Cd, Morris; Deibel, Rudolf; Cs, Duncan

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1978.27.1240

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…16,17,42 † Relative number of EEEV-positive pools detected: 0, never isolated; 1, rarely isolated; 2, occasionally isolated; 3, commonly isolated. 6,9,11,18,19,[43][44][45][46] ‡ Distance from forest margin when host seeking: 0, < 1 km; 1, 1-3 km; 2, 3-8 km; 3, > 8 km. 45,[47][48][49][50][51] § Population abundance in CDC light traps at epizootic site during summer of 2006: 0, < 1% of total; 1, 1-10%; 2, 10-20%; 3, > 20% (Mukherjee and others, unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Feeding Patterns of Potential Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus at an Epizootic Focus in Tennessee

et al. 2009

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In 2006, 2,817 blood-fed mosquitoes were collected from the site of a 2005 eastern equine encephalitis outbreak in Chester County, TN. Using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, 264 vertebrate hosts were identified from seven mosquito species. Culex erraticus and Cx. nigripalpus fed on a diversity of mammalian, avian, and reptilian hosts, whereas Anopheles quadrimaculatus and An. punctipennis were predominantly mammalophagic. Overall, 27% of Cx. nigripalpus, 16% of Cx. erraticus, and 7% of An. quadrimaculatus blood meals were acquired from avian hosts. No avian-derived blood meals were identified from An. punctipennis. The house finch, Carolina wren, and mourning dove were the most commonly identified avian host species. By incorporating this study with flight range, vector competence, and virus field isolation data, we assessed certain aspects of the enzootic and epizootic vectorial capacity of the mosquito species present at this outbreak site.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Feeding Patterns of Potential Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus at an Epizootic Focus in Tennessee

et al. 2009

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“…In summary, gray catbirds are competent reservoirs for EEEV; this combined with their relatively high exposure rates based on seroprevalence studies (Srihongse et al 1978, Crans et al 1994) and the overlap of their breeding habitat with the primary vector, C. melanura, make them a potentially important maintenance host of EEEV. We show for the Þrst time the reactivation of a latent EEEV infection in a captive bird.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned above, catbirds are particularly well suited for this experiment because of the following: 1) they are the only species for which support of recrudescence hypothesis exists; 2) their nesting habitat includes forested wetlands where the primary enzootic vector in eastern North America, C. melanura, overwinters in the larval stages; and 3) they exhibit high seroprevalence for EEEV antibodies (Srihongse et al 1978, Crans et al 1994). In addition to testing the spring recrudescence hypothesis, we also determine the EEEV viremia proÞle for catbirds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Test of Recrudescence Hypothesis for Overwintering of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Gray Catbirds

et al. 2011

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Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) epizootics are infrequent, but they can lead to high mortality in infected horses and humans. Despite the importance of EEEV to human and animal health, little is known about how the virus overwinters and reinitiates transmission each spring, particularly in temperate regions where infected adult mosquitoes are unlikely to survive through the winter. One hypothesis to explain the mechanism by which this virus persists from year to year is the spring recrudescence of latent virus in avian reservoir hosts. In this study, we tested the recrudescence hypothesis with gray catbirds (Dumatella carolinensis) captured in northern Ohio (July-August 2007). Birds were experimentally infected with EEEV on 1 October 2007. In January 2008, they were then exposed to exogenous testosterone and/or extended photoperiod to initiate reactivation of latent EEEV infection. All birds became viremic with EEEV, with mean viremia of 6.0 log10 plaque-forming units/ml serum occurring at 1 d postinoculation. One male in the testosterone, long-day treatment group had EEEV viral RNA in a cloacal swab collected on 18 January 2008. Otherwise, no other catbirds exhibited reactivated infections in cloacal swabs or blood. Antibody titers fluctuated over the course of the study, with lowest titers observed in January 2008, which corresponded with the lowest mean weight of the birds. No EEEV viral RNA was detected in the blood, kidney, spleen, brain, liver, and lower intestine upon necropsy at 19 wk postinfection.

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“…In 1971, the first reported case of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) in a human in New York State (NYS), in Oswego County [ 11 ], prompted the respective health departments to begin annual surveillance for EEEV in mosquitoes [ 7 , 11 – 13 ]. In 1971, EEEV was identified in Cs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…melanura , Culiseta morsitans (Theobald), and Culex restuans Theobald, in Oswego County [ 11 , 12 ]. In 1973, EEEV was identified in Culex pipiens Linnaeus, in Suffolk County [ 13 , 14 ]. In 1974, EEEV was identified in Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty years of surveillance for Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012

Oliver

Lukacik²,

Kokas

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundThe year 1971 was the first time in New York State (NYS) that Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) was identified in mosquitoes, in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans. At that time, state and county health departments began surveillance for EEEV in mosquitoes.MethodsFrom 1993 to 2012, county health departments continued voluntary participation with the state health department in mosquito and arbovirus surveillance. Adult female mosquitoes were trapped, identified, and pooled. Mosquito pools were tested for EEEV by Vero cell culture each of the twenty years. Beginning in 2000, mosquito extracts and cell culture supernatant were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).ResultsDuring the years 1993 to 2012, EEEV was identified in: Culiseta melanura, Culiseta morsitans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Aedes canadensis (Ochlerotatus canadensis), Aedes vexans, Anopheles punctipennis, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Psorophora ferox, Culex salinarius, and Culex pipiens-restuans group. EEEV was detected in 427 adult mosquito pools of 107,156 pools tested totaling 3.96 million mosquitoes. Detections of EEEV occurred in three geographical regions of NYS: Sullivan County, Suffolk County, and the contiguous counties of Madison, Oneida, Onondaga and Oswego. Detections of EEEV in mosquitoes occurred every year from 2003 to 2012, inclusive. EEEV was not detected in 1995, and 1998 to 2002, inclusive.ConclusionsThis was the first time in NYS that EEEV was detected in Cx. salinarius, Ps. ferox and An. punctipennis. The detection of EEEV in mosquitoes every year for 10 years was the longest time span since surveillance began in 1971. The calendar date of the earliest annual appearance of EEEV in mosquitoes did not change during surveillance spanning 42 years.

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Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Upstate New York: Studies of a 1976 Epizootic by a Modified Serologic Technique, Hemagglutination Reduction, for Rapid Detection of Virus Infections *

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Host Feeding Patterns of Potential Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus at an Epizootic Focus in Tennessee

Host Feeding Patterns of Potential Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus at an Epizootic Focus in Tennessee

Test of Recrudescence Hypothesis for Overwintering of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Gray Catbirds

Twenty years of surveillance for Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012

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