EC power sources: European technological developments towards ITER

Bonicelli, T.; Alberti, S.; Cirant, S.; Dormicchi, O.; Fasel, D.; Hogge, J.‐P.; Illy, S.; Jin, Jianbo; Lievin, C.; Mondino, P.L.; Piosczyk, B.; Rzesnicki, T.; Santinelli, M.; Taddia, Giuseppe; Thumm, M.; Tran, M.Q.

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.05.025

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…To validate the model, different experimental shots obtained at the Fusion for Energy facility FALCON, at the EPFL premises in Lausanne [26][27][28] were used. The results calculated from Simulink were compared to the actual values of input current provided by the experiments.…”

Section: Validation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Lumped Approach for the Simulation of the Magnetron Injection Gun for MegaWatt-Class EU Gyrotrons

et al. 2021

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In the framework of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project, one of the key components of the reactor is the ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating). This system has the duty to heat the plasma inside the tokamak, using high frequency and power radio waves, produced by sets of 1MW gyrotrons. One of the main issues related to the gyrotron operation is the output power drop that happens right after the beginning of a pulse. In this work, we study the underlying phenomena that cause the power drop, focusing on the gyrotron’s MIG (Magnetron Injection Gun) of the 1MW, 170 GHz European Gyrotron prototype for ITER. It is shown how the current emission and the temperature of the emitter are tightly bound, and how their interaction causes the power drop, observed experimentally. Furthermore, a simple yet effective lumped-parameter model to describe the MIG’s cathode thermal dynamics is developed, which is able to predict the power output of the gyrotron by simulating the propagation of the heat inside this component. The model is validated against test results, showing a good capability to reproduce the measured behavior of the system, while still being open to further improvements.

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Section: Validation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Lumped Approach for the Simulation of the Magnetron Injection Gun for MegaWatt-Class EU Gyrotrons

et al. 2021

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State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

Thumm

2020

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

308

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STATE-OF-THE-ART OF HIGH POWER GYRO-DEVICES AND FREE ELECTRON MASERSAt present, gyrotron oscillators are mainly used as high power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and diagnostics of magnetically confmed plasmas for generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. 140 GHz gyrotrons with output power Pout = 0.58 MW, pulse length 't = 2.0 s and efficiency 11 = 34 % are commercially available. Diagnostic gyrotrons deliver P out = 40 kW with 't = 40 J-lS at frequencies up to 650 GHz (11 2_ 4 %). Recently, gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in matedal processing and plasma chemistry. Such technological applications require gyrotrons with the following parameters: f 2. 28 GHz , Pout = 10-30 kW, CW, 11 2. 30 %. This paper reports on achievements and problems related to the development of very high power mm-wave gyrotrons for long pulse or CW operation and describes the microwave technological pecularities of the different development steps. In addition, this work gives a short overview of the present development of gyrotrons for technological applications, quasi-optical gyrotrons, cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyro-ldystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyro-BWO's and free electron masers (FEMs). The most impressive FEM output parameters are: Pout = 2GW, 't = 20 ns, 11 = 13 % at 140 GHz (LLNL) and Pout = 15 kW, 't = 20 J-tS, 11 = 5 % in the range from 120 to 900 GHz (UCSB). ENTWICKLUNGSSTAND VON HOCHLEISTUNGS-GYRO-RÖHREN UND FREI-ELEKTRONEN-MASERN Übersiebt Gyrotronoszillatoren werden derzeit vorwiegend als Hochleistungsmillimeterwellenquellen für die Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanzheizung (ECRH) und Diagnostik von magnetisch eingeschlossenen Plasmen zur Erforschung der Energiegewinnung durch kontrollierte Kernfusion eingesetzt. 140 GHz Gyrotrons mit einer Ausgangsleistung von Pout = 0.58 MW bei Pulslängen von 't = 2.0 s und Wirkungsgraden von • 11 = 34% sind kommerziell erhältlich. Gyrotrons zur Plasmadiagnostik erreichen Frequenzen bis zu 650 GHz bei P out = 40 kW und 't = 40 ~-ts (11 2. 4 %). In jüngster Zeit jedoch finden Gyrotronoszillatoren auch für technologische Prozesse und in der Plasmachemie erfolgreich Verwendung. Dabei werden Röhren mit folgenden Parametern eingesetzt: f 2_ 28 GHz, Pout = 10-30 kW, CW, 11 2. 30 %. In diesem Beitrag wird auf den aktuellen Stand und die Probleme bei der Entwicklung von Hochleistungs-mm-Wellen-Gyrotrons für Langpuls-und Dauerstrichbetrieb sowie auf die mikrowellentechnischen Besonderheiten der einzelnen Entwicklungsphasen eingegangen: Außerdem wird auch kurz über den neuesten Stand der Entwicklung von Gyrotrons für technologische Anwendungen, quasi-optischen Gyrotrons, Zyklotron-Autoresonanz-Masern (CARMs), Gyroklystrons, Gyro-TWT-Verstärkern, Gyro-Rückwärtswellenoszillatoren (BWOs) und Frei-Elektronen-Maser (FEM) berichtet. FEM-Rekordausgangsparameter sind hier: Pout = 2 GW, 't = 20 ns, 11 = 13 % bei 140 GHz (LLNL) und Pout = 15 kW, 't = 20 J-lS, 11 = 5 % im Bereich von 120 bis 900 GHz (UCSB). Contents

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Heating, current drive and fuelling of magnetic fusion power plants

Surrey

2016

Magnetic Fusion Energy

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EC power sources: European technological developments towards ITER

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

A New Lumped Approach for the Simulation of the Magnetron Injection Gun for MegaWatt-Class EU Gyrotrons

A New Lumped Approach for the Simulation of the Magnetron Injection Gun for MegaWatt-Class EU Gyrotrons

State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

Heating, current drive and fuelling of magnetic fusion power plants

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