Echinococcosis — a plague on pastoralists

Macpherson, C. N. L.; Craig, P. S.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3054-7_2

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The disease is highly endemic among two pastoral communities in the country: the Turkana in the north-west and the Maasai in the south-west. The primary strategy of the hydatid-control programme that AMREF initiated, in 1983, in northwestern Turkana was three-pronged -to reduce the dog population, treat registered dogs with an anthelmintic (PZQ), and improve health education (Macpherson , 1984;Macpherson and Craig, 1990). The programme's dog-control measures included the killing of unwanted dogs and puppies, the spaying of females, and the destabilization of the adult-worm population in owned dogs by dosing with PZQ (at 5 mg/kg) every 6 weeks (Wachira et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine echinococcosis in Turkana (north–western Kenya): a coproantigen survey in the previous hydatid-control area and an analysis of risk factors

Buishi

Njoroge

Zeyhle

et al. 2006

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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A study of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs, with risk-factor analysis, was carried out in the endemic area of northern Turkana district, Kenya, using necropsy on 42 strays and a coproantigen-ELISA survey of 161 owned animals. During the post-mortem examinations, 14 (33%) of the necropsied dogs were found infected with E. granulosus, with a mean burden of 540 worms (range=two to 4080 worms). The 26 necropsied dogs that came from the north-western Lokichoggio division--an area where, from 1983 to 1997, there had been a continuous programme of hydatid control--showed a similar prevalence of infection to the other dogs (34.6%) but a significantly lower mean burden, of 53 worms (range=two to 300). Forty-two (26%) of the animals tested for Echinococcus coproantigen were found positive. Although the dogs from the Lokichoggio division were more likely to be coproantigen-positive (29%) than those from the central Kakuma division (20%) or the north-eastern division (18%), the differences were not statistically significant. In questionnaire-based interviews, the owners of the dogs tested for coproantigens were asked about possible risk factors for canine infection with E. granulosus. Women were found to have twice the level of contact with dogs as men. The results of a univariate analysis of the dog-owners' responses revealed six factors that appeared to be significantly associated with a coproantigen-positive dog: non-restraint of the dog (P<0.001); dog fed on raw offal (P<0.001); the improper disposal of slaughter offal (P<0.001); the dog-owner's lack of knowledge about the transmission of echinococcosis (P=0.001); the dog not receiving anthelmintic treatment (P=0.003); and dog age < or =5 years (P=0.01). The results of a multivariate analysis confirmed that lack of dog restraint, access to raw offal, and young age of the dog (< or =5 years) each significantly increased the risk of coproantigen positivity (P, 0.005). Dogs that scavenged from cooking pots, were used to clean babies, had access to the inside of houses, and/or slept indoors appeared, however, to be at no increased risk of coproantigen positivity. The present results are discussed in relation both to older information on the epidemiology and role of human behaviour in the transmission of E. granulosus in Turkana, and the effects of the hydatid-control programme that ran continuously in the north-western division of Turkana between 1983 and 1997.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine echinococcosis in Turkana (north–western Kenya): a coproantigen survey in the previous hydatid-control area and an analysis of risk factors

Buishi

Njoroge

Zeyhle

et al. 2006

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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“…wallabies/kangaroos (Macropus spp.) and wombats (Vombatus ursinus) (Schantz and Lord, 1972;Macpherson and Craig, 1991;Bowles and McManus, 1993;McManus and Thompson, 2003;Rausch, 2003;Mwambete et al, 2004;Huttner et al, 2008;Huttner and Romig, 2009). Molecular genotyping indicates a rather complex pattern of Echinococcus spp.…”

Section: Cystic Echinococcosis In Wild Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Echinococcus granulosus: Epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals

Craig

Mastin

Kesteren

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

124

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Diagnosis and detection of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) infection in animals is a prerequisite for epidemiological studies and surveillance of echinococcosis in endemic, re-emergent or emergent transmission zones. Advances in diagnostic approaches for definitive hosts and livestock, however, have not progressed equally over the last 20 years. Development of laboratory based diagnostics for canids using coproantigen ELISA and also coproPCR, have had a huge impact on epidemiological studies and more recently on surveillance during hydatid control programmes. In contrast, diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in livestock still relies largely on conventional post-mortem inspection, despite a relatively low diagnostic sensitivity especially in early infections, as current serodiagnostics do not provide a sufficiently specific and sensitive practical pre-mortem alternative. As a result, testing of dog faecal samples by coproantigen ELISA, often combined with mass ultrasound screening programmes for human CE, has been the preferred approach for monitoring and surveillance in resource-poor endemic areas and during control schemes. In this article we review the current options and approaches for diagnosis of E. granulosus infection in definitive and animal intermediate hosts (including applications in non-domesticated species) and make conclusions and recommendations for further improvements in diagnosis for use in epidemiological studies and surveillance schemes.

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“…The presence of raised specific antibody titres in patients with cystic hydatid disease has been assayed by various techniques, such as indirect hemagglutination or latex agglutination, immunoelectrophoresis, complement fixation, immunoenzymatic, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests (2,3). Each has been shown to give various proportions of both false positive and false negative results, but often with considerable variation between laboratories (2,4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative sensitivity of six serological tests and diagnostic value of ELISA using purified antigen in hydatidosis

Sbihi

Rmiqui

Rodríguez-Cabezas

et al. 2001

J. Clin. Lab. Anal.

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Most serodiagnostic techniques have been evaluated for diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Each, to varying degrees, has been shown to give false results, with considerable variation between laboratories. The comparative study was made concerning the sensitivity of the immunodiagnostic methods based on 58 sera from hydatid disease with different cyst locations. Latex agglutination, immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), and specific IgE, IgG enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were studied. Specific IgG ELISA AgB (antigen B‐rich fraction) was the most sensitive test (96.5%) and the least sensitive tests were specific IgE ELISA (24.1%) and IEP (25.8%). The low sensitivity of these two tests was due partly to the low reactivity detected in the sera of patients with lung hydatidosis. Initial laboratory studies showed purified antigens to be preferable to crude cyst fluid, regardless of the type of test used. For this reason, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA by using the purified antigen‐B‐rich fraction. In all, 117 sera were examined: 78 sera from patients with hydatidosis surgically confirmed, 15 sera from healthy control subjects, and 24 sera from patients with diseases other than hydatidosis. The method gave good results: 93.5% sensitivity, 89.7% specificity, and 92.3% diagnostic efficacy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:14–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Echinococcosis — a plague on pastoralists

Cited by 11 publications

References 81 publications

Canine echinococcosis in Turkana (north–western Kenya): a coproantigen survey in the previous hydatid-control area and an analysis of risk factors

Canine echinococcosis in Turkana (north–western Kenya): a coproantigen survey in the previous hydatid-control area and an analysis of risk factors

Echinococcus granulosus: Epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals

Comparative sensitivity of six serological tests and diagnostic value of ELISA using purified antigen in hydatidosis

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