ECHO Type 9 Virus Disease

Natural Selection and Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality in Early Life

“…Though less widely researched, a similar pattern can be seen for morbidity with regard to various diseases, including rickets (Bawkin, 1929), meningitis and septicaemia (Washburn et al, 1965), enterovirus (Sabin et al, 1958;Froeschle et al, 1966) and acute lower respiratory disease (Glezen et al, 1971). It should be noted that sex di!erences in morbidity are not always easy to identify, due to their being less obvious when the symptomatic-to-asymptomatic infection ratio is high (Green, 1992).…”

“…Both morbidity and mortality are higher in males than in females in early life, with this di!erence persisting after adjustment for gestational age and body size, and being more marked in low birthweight and pre-term subjects (Bawkin, 1929;Ciocco, 1940;Sabin et al, 1958;Hammoud, 1965;Washburn et al, 1965;Froeschle et al, 1966;Abramowicz & Barnett, 1970;Glezen et al, 1971;Naeye et al, 1971;Paneth et al, 1982;Khoury et al, 1985;Resnick et al, 1989;Ho!man & Bennett, 1990;Zhang et al, 1991;Copper et al, 1994;Msall et al, 1993Msall et al, , 1994Synnes et al, 1994;La Pine et al, 1995;Fanaro! et al, 1995;Read et al, 1997;Stevenson et al, 1998;MacDorman & Atkinson 1998;Stoll et al, 1998).…”

An epidemic associated with echovirus type 18

“…Eichenwald, Ababio, Arky & Hartman (1958) demonstrated infection in 17 infants investigated during an epidemic of diarrhoea in a hospital nursery, by isolation of the virus from faecal specimens and detecting simultaneous antibody rises. Echo 18 has also been isolated from the faeces of a 5-month old child who died after a short febrile illness (Sabin, Krumbiegel & Wigand, 1958), from multiple sites in a 3-week-old child with fever and rash (Medearis & Kramer, 1959) and from the C.S.F. and faeces of a 12-year-old boy with aseptic meningitis (Eckert, Barron & Karzon, 1960).…”

E.C.H.O. Type 9 Infection in 1960

“…Of the total of 43 sick persons, 24 carried the virus and five others had serological evidence of infection. The number of proved infections was thus 29-a rate of 67.4%, only slightly lower than the rates of 70 and 84% respectively recorded by Galpine, Clayton, Ardley, and Baster (1958) in Coventry, and by Sabin, Krumbiegel, and Wigand (1958) in Milwaukee. The latter workers also reported the isolation of virus during the week prior to onset of illness.…”