Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the investigation of heart morphology and function in laboratory dogs: 1. Method and reference values for M-mode parameters

Hanton, Gilles; Geffray, B.; Lodola, A.

doi:10.1258/002367798780599992

“…Table 5 shows comparisons of the ratios of LVID d : BW, LVID d : BSA, and LVID d : BW 1/3 that have been calculated with mean or median values of LVID d for groups of different breeds of dogs that were examined in several studies. 13,27,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Comparing the ratios of the smallest breed, the Miniature Poodle, with the ratios of the giant breed dogs shows that there is almost an 8-fold difference in LVID d : BW and a 3-fold difference in LVID d : BSA, but the ratio of LVID d to the cube root of BW is nearly constant. Table 6 shows the normal range of percent FS, LA : Ao, and LVID d : LVW d for dogs in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously published breed-specific LVID d measurements from 23 groups of dogs were used to show the effect of the different methods used to normalize M-mode measurements. 13,27,29,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometric Scaling of M-Mode Cardiac Measurements in Normal Adult Dogs

Cornell

¹

,

Kittleson

²

,

Torre

³

et al. 2004

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Indices for M-mode measurements in dogs usually have been based on the assumption that a linear relationship exists between these measurements and body weight (BW) or body surface area (BSA). The relationships between the geometry of 3-dimensional objects do not support this assumption. The purposes of this study were to retrospectively examine M-mode data from a large number of dogs of varying sizes and breeds that were examined by a large number of ultrasonographers, to use the allometric equation to determine the appropriate BW exponent required to predict these cardiac dimensions, and to determine normal mean values and prediction intervals for common M-mode variables. Linear regression analyses of data from 494 dogs (2.2-95 kg) revealed a good correlation between M-mode measurements and BW after logarithmic transformation of the data (r 2 .55-.88). Most variables were most closely related to an index of body length, BW 1/3 , although the exponent that best predicted diastolic and systolic left ventricular wall thicknesses was closer to 0.25. No variable indexed well to BW or BSA. With these data, appropriate mean values and prediction intervals were calculated for normal dogs, allowing veterinarians to correctly and appropriately index M-mode values. The equations developed from this study appear to be applicable to adult dogs of most breeds.

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“…13,27,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Comparing the ratios of the smallest breed, the Miniature Poodle, with the ratios of the giant breed dogs shows that there is almost an 8-fold difference in LVID d : BW and a 3-fold difference in LVID d : BSA, but the ratio of LVID d to the cube root of BW is nearly constant. Morrison et al, 1992 13 Stepien et al, 1998 18 Crippa et al,, 1992 39 Crippa et al,, 1992 39 Hanton et al, 1998 40 Hanton et al, 1998 40 Hanton et al, 1998 40 Hanton Morrison et al, 1992 13 Koch et al, 1996 45 Morrison et al, 1992 13 Bayón et al, 1994 29 Baade et al, 2002 48 BSA, body surface area; BW, body weight; LVID d , left ventricular end diastolic diameter. Despite the consistency between the predictions produced by this model and published breed-specific reference ranges, we have noted that LVID d never exceeded 6.0 cm and LVID s never exceeded 4.3 cm in any dog in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This conclusion is borne out by the close match of these prediction intervals to those found in several other studies in dogs and in specific dog breeds. 40,45 . However, it would be best if a prospective study of a large number of dogs of all sizes with the use of accurate techniques was designed and carried out in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometric Scaling of M‐Mode Cardiac Measurements in Normal Adult Dogs

Cornell

¹

,

Kittleson

²

,

Torre

³

et al. 2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Indices for M-mode measurements in dogs usually have been based on the assumption that a linear relationship exists between these measurements and body weight (BW) or body surface area (BSA). The relationships between the geometry of 3-dimensional objects do not support this assumption. The purposes of this study were to retrospectively examine M-mode data from a large number of dogs of varying sizes and breeds that were examined by a large number of ultrasonographers, to use the allometric equation to determine the appropriate BW exponent required to predict these cardiac dimensions, and to determine normal mean values and prediction intervals for common M-mode variables. Linear regression analyses of data from 494 dogs (2.2-95 kg) revealed a good correlation between M-mode measurements and BW after logarithmic transformation of the data (r 2 ϭ .55-.88). Most variables were most closely related to an index of body length, BW 1/3 , although the exponent that best predicted diastolic and systolic left ventricular wall thicknesses was closer to 0.25. No variable indexed well to BW or BSA. With these data, appropriate mean values and prediction intervals were calculated for normal dogs, allowing veterinarians to correctly and appropriately index M-mode values. The equations developed from this study appear to be applicable to adult dogs of most breeds.Key words: Canine; Echocardiography; Heart; Reference range. M-mode echocardiography is commonly used to measure linear cardiac dimensions of cardiac chambers, walls, and great vessels. Because adult dogs range in weight from Ͻ2 to Ͼ90 kg, any definition of normal heart size must take into account the variation caused by differences in body size. Consequently, it is important to identify equations that accurately describe the relationships between body size and cardiac dimensions. Several authors have published equations, nomograms, or tables that are intended to be used as reference ranges for M-mode measurements for adult dogs of varying size and breed. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Critics have questioned the usefulness of some of these reference ranges because of small sample sizes, lack of data points for the extremes of body size, wide prediction intervals, and the use of inappropriate statistical methods. 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15] In addition, many authors have assumed that a linear relationship exists between linear cardiac dimensions and either body weight (BW) or body surface area (BSA), which might not be true. Evidence also has been presented suggesting that a general equation might never be accurate because breed is a factor Davis, CA 95616-8747; e-mail: cccornell@ucdavis.edu. Submitted March 7, 2003; Revised July 1 and October 31, 2003; Accepted December 11, 2003. Copyright that can cause M-mode measurements in dogs of the same weight to differ. 13The statistical methods used to produce the previously mentioned reference ranges were not described in every case, but in 2 studies in which the authors detailed their methods, reference ranges we...

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“…Typical CW settings are higher than PW to filter out low velocity signals; low velocity filter settings are often different between PW and CW Doppler (e.g., 50,100,200 Hz for PW Doppler vs 100, 200, 400, 800 Hz for CW Doppler). Typical initial PW "gates" 1-2 mm (cats); 1-3 mm (small dogs); 2-4 mm (larger dogs).…”

Section: Setting(s) Comment(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%