Echovirus type 9 is an important cause of viral encephalitis among infants and young children in Kuwait

Dalwai, Ajmal; Ahmad, Suhail; Pacsa, A.S.; Al‐Nakib, W.

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.007

Cited by 37 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, the prevalence of EV in encephalitis cases (22.1%) in this study is similar to earlier reports from Kuwait and European countries (2,3,11). Our study shows that EV-associated encephalitis patients present high degrees of altered sensorium and mortality compared to previous reports (4,5,10).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The clinical manifestations of EVs range from conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infection, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal sepsis, like illness (1,26). Encephalitis is a rare presentation of EV infection, but many EV serotypes (coxsackievirus [CV] A9, A10, and B5, echovirus [ECV] 4, 5, 9, 11, 19, and 30, and EV 71, 75, 76 and 89) have been reported in encephalitis cases from different parts of the world (2,4,12,17,18,27).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses Associated with Encephalitis in Children from India

et al. 2012

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses Associated with Encephalitis in Children from India

et al. 2012

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“…Circulating strains and genotypes of E9 (2,8,11,14) and E11 (4,7,21) have been characterized in many different countries through analysis of the structural genome regions, principally VP1. In common with other mammalian RNA viruses, both E9 and E11 show rapid accumulation of nucleotide substitutions over time, but their epidemiologies are distinct.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In common with other mammalian RNA viruses, both E9 and E11 show rapid accumulation of nucleotide substitutions over time, but their epidemiologies are distinct. E9 is associated with widespread, large-scale seasonal outbreaks and displays a regular epidemic pattern of outbreaks occurring approximately every 3 years (8,14). Outbreaks of E11 are less common, occur irregularly, and often last for several years (14,25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Dynamics and Temporal/Geographical Correlates of Recombination in the Human Enterovirus Echovirus Types 9, 11, and 30

Leitch

Cabrerizo

Cardosa

et al. 2010

J Virol

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The relationship between virus evolution and recombination in species B human enteroviruses was investigated through large-scale genetic analysis of echovirus type 9 (E9) and E11 isolates (n = 85 and 116) from 16 European, African, and Asian countries between 1995 and 2008. Cluster 1 E9 isolates and genotype D5 and A E11 isolates showed evidence of frequent recombination between the VP1 and 3Dpol regions, the latter falling into 23 (E9) and 43 (E11) clades interspersed phylogenetically with 46 3Dpol clades of E30 and with those of other species B serotypes. Remarkably, only 2 of the 112 3Dpol clades were shared by more than one serotype (E11 and E30), demonstrating an extremely large and genetically heterogeneous recombination pool of species B nonstructural-region variants. The likelihood of recombination increased with geographical separation and time, and both were correlated with VP1 divergence, whose substitution rates allowed recombination half-lives of 1.3, 9.8, and 3.1 years, respectively, for E9, E11, and E30 to be calculated. These marked differences in recombination dynamics matched epidemiological patterns of periodic epidemic cycles of 2 to 3 (E9) and 5 to 6 (E30) years and the longer-term endemic pattern of E11 infections. Phylotemporal analysis using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method, which placed recombination events within the evolutionary reconstruction of VP1, showed a close relationship with VP1 lineage expansion, with defined recombination events that correlated with their epidemiological periodicity. Whether recombination events contribute directly to changes in transmissibility that drive epidemic behavior or occur stochastically during periodic population bottlenecks is an unresolved issue vital to future understanding of enterovirus molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis.

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“…Genotyping of detected viral sequences in clinical samples showed the presence of echoviruses 4, 7, 9, 11 and 30, coxsackieviruses B2-6, and other serotypes [4][5][6]. Since only a limited number of complete sequences of clinical EV isolates have been reported so far, compared to complete nucleotide sequences available for all of the prototype EV strains, a full-genome analysis of clinical EVs might contribute to foster better understanding of the genetic variations, evolution and adaptation of the circulating EV strains, and their role in EV outbreaks and virulence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of three enteroviral strains isolated in Kuwait from young children with serious conditions

Chehadeh

Ali

Maimoona

2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Human enteroviruses are single stranded RNA viruses associated with many serious diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. They consist of up to 100 immunologically and genetically distinct types. Three enteroviral isolates, 2104, 3936 and 3988, were previously isolated from patients with neurological disorders or sepsis-like illness. In this study, the molecular characterization of the isolates was investigated. Methodology: A full genome sequencing was performed by Sanger method, followed by phylogenetic and bootscanning analyses. A detailed analysis of genetic differences between the clinical and prototype isolates were investigated by mapping polymorphisms at nucleotide and amino acid levels, and by comparing RNA secondary structure in the noncoding regions. Results: Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene and complete genome, 2104 was typed as coxsackievirus B1, 3936 as coxsackievirus B5, and 3988 as echovirus 7. Similarity and bootscan plots provided support for intra-and intertypic recombination with crossover points occurring mainly along the nonstructural coding regions of the isolates. A sequence divergence of 12 to 14% was detected in the 5'-noncoding region between the clinical isolates and their corresponding prototype strains. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions could be also mapped to different coding regions of the isolates, including those coding for the Puff, Knob and the hydrophobic pocket of the capsid. Examination of relative frequencies of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in different coding regions of enteroviral isolates showed no evidence for selective pressure. Conclusion: The results provided a better understanding of the genetic variations, evolution and adaptation of enteroviruses in Kuwait.

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Echovirus type 9 is an important cause of viral encephalitis among infants and young children in Kuwait

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses Associated with Encephalitis in Children from India

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses Associated with Encephalitis in Children from India

Evolutionary Dynamics and Temporal/Geographical Correlates of Recombination in the Human Enterovirus Echovirus Types 9, 11, and 30

Molecular characterization of three enteroviral strains isolated in Kuwait from young children with serious conditions

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