“…The methodology employed in this study adopts the Solution-Driven Approach (SDA) outlined in Table 1, which builds upon our recent study on learning eco-innovation from nature (Livotov et al, 2020). This SDA was modified from the method introduced by Helms et al (2009) and utilized to identify ecoinventive principles in natural systems for solving eco-engineering contradictions, as previously demonstrated in our research (Mas'udah et al, 2021;Mas'udah et al, 2022). The iterative algorithm begins by systematically searching for biological ecosystems that operate under constant or temporary environmental stress, such as high or low temperatures, extreme sun radiation or other harmful energy fields, as well as exposure to toxic substances or hazardous organisms within the environment etc.…”