Ecology and long-term forecasting of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) stock in the Baltic Sea: a review

Environmental effects on sprat (Sprattus sprattus) physiology and growth at the distribution frontier: A bioenergetic modelling approach

“…It proved impossible to determine whether the sampled individuals were part of the same sub-population at all times of the year or whether they represented a mix of fish from other parts of the central Baltic Sea that have recently migrated into the area, which would have added uncertainty to our model calibration. However evidence from number of vertebrae indicates that migration between the basins is limited (Ojaveer and Kalejs, 2010).…”

Impact of environmental deviations on the larval and year-class abundances in the spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras L.) of the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) in 1947–2004

“…2. Periodic climate fluctuations occur in the Baltic Sea area (Hela, 1966;Ojaveer and Kalejs, 2010). A drastic change in the environmental conditions and ecosystems of the Baltic Sea occurred in the 1970s-1980s (Kalejs and Ojaveer, 1989;Alheit et al, 2005;Ojaveer and Kalejs, 2010).…”

Fatty acid composition of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus) in the Baltic Sea as potential prey for salmon (Salmo salar)

“…Accordingly, the proportions of sprat and herring vary in the salmon diet [19][20][21], since salmon apparently prey on the most available species of an appropriate size. The BPr is the main spawning ground of sprat [22,23]. There, the proportions of sprat and herring have mainly varied as a consequence of large changes in the size of the sprat stock.…”