Economic and policy issues in resource recovery from municipal solid wastes

Determination of the energy and environmental burdens associated with the biological treatment of source-separated Municipal Solid Wastes

“…Obviously, the economics of waste management systems 1,2 are mainly required by the authorities while engineers also appreciate technical/engineering information on the system. However, in the last years, a number of authors have been also studying waste management systems by focusing on their environmental impact (mainly energy consumption and environmental burdens).…”

Recycling, International Trade and the Environment: An Empirical Analysis

“…Risk-averse firms are known to produce and invest less in an uncertain environment (Butlin 1977). Fourthly, the secondary industry is less environmentally damaging than the primary industry (Bartone 1990 From an international perspective, there are several differences between developed and developing countries in this segment. First, the availability and costs for production factors vary significantly.…”

“…Various studies show that an increase in the energy price should lead to increased recycling (Slade 1980;Chandler 1983). The primary commodity industry is generally assumed to be more energy intensive than the recycling industry (Bartone 1990;Mani and Wheeler 1998). If a country is poorly endowed in energy, it is likely to be less developed in the energy-intensive primary industry and instead more focused on the energy-extensive recycling industry.…”

“…In the production stage, substitution of primary resources by secondary materials leads to a decline in air-and waterborne emissions and a reduction in energy consumption (Bartone 1990). For example, compared with the production of primary refined aluminium, recycling of aluminium requires 97 percent less energy (World Bank 1994).…”

An Analysis of Policies in Support of Waste Collecting in Rio de Janeiro - Three Case Studies

“…Many demanded scarce resources for the purchase of expensive technologies (BARTONE, 1990). It was only at the beginning of the 1970s that the management of waste and public health were taken seriously in these countries.…”