Ecophysiological determinants of the human skeletal system

Abstract

This review assessed relationships between external factors and the level of joint pathology (hip, knee, ankle, elbow, shoulder, hands and feet) in humans with dysplastic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, degenerative joint disease, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and gout. The accumulation of physiologically different chemical elements in different types of bones in humans of different ages allows for a more accurate assessment of the causal quoted response from parallel biochemical systems. These allow a better understanding of the link between exposure arising from smoking, alcohol, drugs, diseases, heredity, effects of amalgam dental fillings, diet, food preferences, chemical elements, occupational and environmental exposure to toxicants, lipoperoxidation and pro-antioxidant reactions. Physiology of the osteoarticular system determines what is responsible for bone and long-term body accumulation of toxic metals, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone diseases. While relationships between stressors, antioxidant system and bone condition predict potential risks in certain abnormalities and change oxidative stress. Elemental instability in the environment combined with salinity, acidity, redox potential and local changes in hydrochemical balance, enhances adverse effects. Processes of remodeling and bone mineralization continue throughout life and therefore may be a determinant of long-term accumulation of toxicants. Environmental issues affecting bioaccumulation of chemical elements in the osteoarticular system in humans is poorly understood. Alloplastic procedures, including the need for prostheses, supplemented by image layouts oxidative enzyme activities, as well as lipoperoxidation and the level of stress proteins, give a complete picture of skeletal response to external stressors. Simultaneously, the analysis of the impact of stressors on bones allows a more accurate tracing of causal quoted responses from parallel reactions. They have a direct relationship with stressors and affect the nature and degree of responses and defense capabilities. Thus they have a role in the diagnosis of diseases of the skeletal system.

Effect of cadmium on the viability on monolayer cultures of synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and Hoffa: A preliminary study

“…Cd is an environmental pollutant that is dangerous to health, and according to Hutchinson (2015), smoking is the main source of Cd. The main studies about the effect of Cd on the osteoarticular system are related to osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and OA (Hutchinson, 2015; Joo et al, 2019; Kamiński et al, 2018; Reyes-Hinojosa et al, 2019). Studies in osteoblast cell lines indicate that Cd toxicity is related to its capacity of being absorbed and accumulating in the cells (Lévesque et al, 2008; Smith et al, 2009).…”