Ecosystem services from combined natural and engineered water and wastewater treatment systems: Going beyond water quality enhancement

Linkages between the concept of nature-based solutions and the notion of landscape

“…2 ), SCALE: Landscape as a scale of NBS project implementation , discussed in 19 publications (IUCN 2016 , 2020 ; Moosavi 2017 ; Raymond et al 2017 ; Thorslund et al 2017 ; Groß et al 2018 ; Guerrero et al 2018 ; Quin and Destouni 2018 ; Carvalho Ribeiro et al 2020 ; European Commission 2020a , b ; Kopp and Preis 2020 ; Science for Environment Policy 2021 ; Solheim et al 2021 ; van Rooij et al 2021 ; Wu et al 2021 ; Zandersen et al 2021 Bunclark and Vega Hernández 2022 ; Sušnik et al 2022 ). INDICATORS: Application of landscape-based indicators to assess the environmental impacts of NBS , discussed in 16 publications (European Commission 2015 ; Fan et al 2017 ; Raymond et al 2017 ; Tomao et al 2017 ; Thorslund et al 2018 ; Makido et al 2019 ; Zawadzka et al 2019 ; Lee et al 2020 ; Ranagalage et al 2020 ; Sowińska-Świerkosz et al 2021b ; Baldwin et al 2022 ; Kalantari et al 2022 ; Li et al 2022a , b ; Préau et al 2022 ; Schmidt et al 2022 ; Vasiliev and Greenwood 2022 ). MANAGEMENT: Landscape-based management contributions to the implementation of NBS actions , discussed in 14 publications (Tomao et al 2017 ; Albert et al 2019 ; Collier and Bourke 2020 ; Hundertmark et al 2020 ; IUCN 2020 ; Plieninger et al 2020 ; Frantzeskaki and Bush 2021 ; Gottwald et al 2021 ; Mendonça et al 2021 ; Puskás et al 2021 ...…”

“…INDICATORS: Application of landscape-based indicators to assess the environmental impacts of NBS , discussed in 16 publications (European Commission 2015 ; Fan et al 2017 ; Raymond et al 2017 ; Tomao et al 2017 ; Thorslund et al 2018 ; Makido et al 2019 ; Zawadzka et al 2019 ; Lee et al 2020 ; Ranagalage et al 2020 ; Sowińska-Świerkosz et al 2021b ; Baldwin et al 2022 ; Kalantari et al 2022 ; Li et al 2022a , b ; Préau et al 2022 ; Schmidt et al 2022 ; Vasiliev and Greenwood 2022 ).…”

“…Among these services, coastal protection, biological diversity, groundwater storage and soil moisture regulation, flood regulation, and contaminant retention encompass many of the core benefits desired as an outcome of NBS actions (Thorslund et al 2018 ). The evaluation of these and similar landscape-scale indicators is also critical for the assessment of synergies and co-benefits provided by NBS (Zawadzka et al 2019 ).…”

Managing organic micropollutants in rivers : From monitoring to mitigation

“…Ecosystem studies on the study site revealed a positive effect in carbon storage and pollination service (Zawadzka et al, 2019). For the general public the RSFs looks like ponds, densely overgrown with reed and thus people's perception on the aesthetic value of the RSFs as compared to their engineered equivalents are largely positive (Zawadzka et al, 2019). However, the RSFs require a high amount of space and thus the available space at the specific location where water purification is needed, is one major limiting factor for their implementation.…”

“…Besides the primary purpose of the purification of treated wastewater, the RSFs have an additional positive effect on the environment and this makes them more sustainable than technical post-treatment steps. Ecosystem studies on the study site revealed a positive effect in carbon storage and pollination service (Zawadzka et al, 2019). For the general public the RSFs looks like ponds, densely overgrown with reed and thus people's perception on the aesthetic value of the RSFs as compared to their engineered equivalents are largely positive (Zawadzka et al, 2019).…”