“…Such a framework can be based on various frameworks used to assess ES from other forests, e.g. planted forests (Baral et al 2016), community forests (Paudyal et al 2015), forest management units (Wangchuk et al 2019) and mountain forests , and can be modified to fit with bamboo forests. Figure 2 shows a proposed diagrammatic representation of the framework for the assessment of ES from bamboo forests.…”