Ecotoxicological Studies on the Action of Actara 25 WG Insecticide on Prussian Carp (Carassius gibelio) and Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

Abstract

The toxic action of the Actara 25 WG insecticide (it contains 25% thiamethoxam as an active substance) in non-lethal doses was studied in two species of aquatic organisms—the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)—at two thermal levels, 6–8 °C (low temperature) and 18–20 °C (room temperature), respectively. In the Prussian carp, we recorded decreases in oxygen consumption and stimulation of the respiratory rhythm, changes that were more pronounced in the case of intoxicated fish and when the species were kept at room temperature. The histopathology of the lung in the frog illustrated the thickening of the conjunctival septum, an increase in the number of mucous cells, and an increase in the ratio between the diameter of the nucleus and the diameter of the pneumocyte. All of these changes were more pronounced in the animals kept at higher temperature. Our study looks at the extent to which temperature changes can influence the ability of poikilothermic organisms to withstand the presence of toxic substances in the environment as a result of the impact of the use of insecticides in agriculture. The two tested organisms are a common presence for the study area, which was affected in the last decade by climate change.

Eco(toxicological) Assessment of the Neonicotinoid Formulation Actara® Using Planarian Girardia tigrina as Model Organism

“…Thiamethoxam Actara ® 250WG (TMX), is still widely adopted in several countries, being used mainly as a water-dispersed granulated formulation for foliar surfaces, soil or seed treatments [18]. A major drawback to its use is based on the persistence of the residues (after application) and the consequent transport between environmental matrices, affecting soil and aquatic organisms in nearby environmental compartments.…”

Effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) oil on growth performance, haemato‐biochemical and histopathology of cypermethrin‐intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Exposure of fish to harmful compounds such as bifenthrin or diazinon has resulted in elevated blood glucose levels (Attia & El‐Badawi, 2015; Ghasemzadeh et al., 2015; Mosiichuk et al., 2021; Paunescu et al., 2022; Velisek et al., 2009). The elevation in blood glucose levels is a physiological reaction to the metabolic strain induced by the noxious agent (Attia & El‐Badawi, 2015; Ghasemzadeh et al., 2015; Mosiichuk et al., 2021; Paunescu et al., 2022). Glucose functions as a crucial energy source for essential organs, and fish may enhance glucose production in order to fulfil augmented energy requirements in response to stressful circumstances (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2015; Mosiichuk et al., 2021).…”

“…A decline was seen in the group where both garlic and the cypermethrin were applied in comparison to the group to which only cypermethrin applied. Exposure of fish to harmful compounds such as bifenthrin or diazinon has resulted in elevated blood glucose levels (Attia & El‐Badawi, 2015; Ghasemzadeh et al., 2015; Mosiichuk et al., 2021; Paunescu et al., 2022; Velisek et al., 2009). The elevation in blood glucose levels is a physiological reaction to the metabolic strain induced by the noxious agent (Attia & El‐Badawi, 2015; Ghasemzadeh et al., 2015; Mosiichuk et al., 2021; Paunescu et al., 2022).…”

Toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid on tadpoles of four species of South American amphibians and effects of thiamethoxam on the metamorphosis of Rhinella arenarum

“…According to van der Sluijs et al (2015), short-term toxicity is not a relevant predictor of neonicotinoidrelated long term mortality in most vertebrate taxa, as sublethal effects dominate. Sublethal exposures of frogs and sh to TIA and IMI have been shown to affect red and white blood cell counts (Gavel et al, 2019;Paunescu et al, 2022), endocrine systems (Lifei et al, 2019;Gavel et al 2019;Crayton et al, 2020), glycogenesis and blood glucose levels (Stoyanova et al, 2015;Vieira et al, 2018;Paunescu et al, 2022), oxidative stress and antioxidant response (Yan et al, 2015;Vieira et al, 2018), the escape response to predators (Lee-Jenkins y Robinson, 2018;Sweeney et al, 2020), as well as DNA damage and genotoxicity (Feng et al, 2004;Perez-Iglesias et al, 2014Yan et al, 2015;Iturburu et al, 2017;Moe, 2017;Vieira et al, 2018). For its part, clothianidin was found to induce oxidative stress and alter the leukocyte pro le in tadpoles of the frog Rana pipiens (Gavel et al, 2019;Robinson et al 2021); although it did not affect the susceptibility of larval leopard frogs to infection by trematode parasites (Robinson et al, 2019).…”