Edge phonon state of mono- and few-layer graphene nanoribbons observed by surface and interference co-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Ren, Wencai; Saito, Riichiro; Gao, Libo; Zheng, Fawei; Wu, Zhong‐Shuai; Liu, Bilu; Furukawa, Masaru; Zhao, Jinping; Chen, Zongping; Cheng, Hui‐Ming

doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.035412

Cited by 84 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Bands lying at 1450 and 1530 cm −1 have been observed in 2010 by Ren et al and attributed to localized edge phonon modes of zigzag and armchair configurations terminated by H atoms [198]. These bands were observed only with red laser but not with green laser, meaning a resonance behavior may happen.…”

Section: Nanodomains Nanoribbonsmentioning

confidence: 85%

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

2017

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sp 2 hybridized carbons constitute a broad class of solid phases composed primarily of elemental carbon and can be either synthetic or naturally occurring. Some examples are graphite, chars, soot, graphene, carbon nanotubes, pyrolytic carbon, and diamond-like carbon. They vary from highly ordered to completely disordered solids and detailed knowledge of their internal structure and composition is of utmost importance for the scientific and engineering communities working with these materials. Multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a very powerful and non-destructive tool for the characterization of carbons containing both aromatic domains and defects and has been widely used since the 1980s. Depending on the material studied, some specific spectroscopic parameters (e.g., band position, full width at half maximum, relative intensity ratio between two bands) are used to characterize defects. This paper is addressed first to (but not limited to) the newcomer in the field, who needs to be guided due to the vast literature on the subject, in order to understand the physics at play when dealing with Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based solids. We also give historical aspects on the development of the Raman spectroscopy technique and on its application to sp 2 hybridized carbons, which are generally not presented in the literature. We review the way Raman spectroscopy is used for sp 2 based carbon samples containing defects. As graphene is the building block for all these materials, we try to bridge these two worlds by also reviewing the use of Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of graphene and nanographenes (e.g., nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanocones, bombarded graphene). Counterintuitively, because of the Dirac cones in the electronic structure of graphene, Raman spectra are driven by electronic properties: Phonons and electrons being coupled by the double resonance mechanism. This justifies the use of multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy to better characterize these materials. We conclude with the possible influence of both phonon confinement and curvature of aromatic planes on the shape of Raman spectra, and discuss samples to be studied in the future with some complementary technique (e.g., high resolution transmission electron microscopy) in order to disentangle the influence of structure and defects.

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Section: Nanodomains Nanoribbonsmentioning

confidence: 85%

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

2017

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“…In addition, a broad and weak second-order band was observed at approximately 2,700 cm À 1 for N-C-800 ( Supplementary Fig. 9) and the shape of the D and 2D bands (more specifically the absence of a typical graphite shoulder) are characteristic features of few-layered graphene 24,39,40 .…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to subtle structural variations in carbon materials. A high I D /I G band intensity ratio indicates the generation of large amounts of defects [38][39][40] , which suggests that the edge modification of N atoms in graphene analogous particles occurred in our samples. The I D /I G ratio for C-N-800 is greater than that of C-N-700 and C-N-900, demonstrating more N-doping atoms at the edges of the N-doped graphene analogous particles.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

High lithium anodic performance of highly nitrogen-doped porous carbon prepared from a metal-organic framework

2014

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Theoretical and experimental results have revealed that the lithium-ion storage capacity for nitrogen-doped graphene largely depends on the nitrogen-doping level. However, most nitrogen-doped carbon materials used for lithium-ion batteries are reported to have a nitrogen content of approximately 10 wt% because a higher number of nitrogen atoms in the two-dimensional honeycomb lattice can result in structural instability. Here we report nitrogen-doped graphene particle analogues with a nitrogen content of up to 17.72 wt% that are prepared by the pyrolysis of a nitrogen-containing zeolitic imidazolate framework at 800°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, these particles retain a capacity of 2,132 mA h g À 1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g À 1 , and 785 mAh g À 1 after 1,000 cycles at 5 A g À 1 . The remarkable performance results from the graphene analogous particles doped with nitrogen within the hexagonal lattice and edges.

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“…Several phenomena have been probed by gate modulated Raman spectroscopy in graphene, such as the Kohn anomaly (KA) effect or the phonon frequency renormalization [18][19][20][21][22], the quantum interference effect [23,24], electronelectron interaction [25], and the Fano resonance in the Raman spectra of graphene [26,27]. Studying gate modulated Raman spectroscopy in graphene has also enriched our knowledge of phonon spectra characterization [28], experimental evaluation of electron-phonon coupling [29], and various edge characterization effects [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermi energy dependence of first- and second-order Raman spectra in graphene: Kohn anomaly and quantum interference effect

et al. 2016

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Intensities of the first-and the second-order Raman spectra are calculated as a function of the Fermi energy. We show that the Kohn anomaly effect, i.e., phonon frequency renormalization, in the first-order Raman spectra originates from the phonon renormalization by the interband electron-hole excitation, whereas in the second-order Raman spectra, a competition between the interband and intraband electron-hole excitations takes place. By this calculation, we confirm the presence of different dispersive behaviors of the Raman peak frequency as a function of the Fermi energy for the first-and the second-order Raman spectra, as observed in some previous experiments. Moreover, the calculated results of the Raman intensity sensitively depend on the Fermi energy for both the first-and the second-order Raman spectra, indicating the presence of the quantum interference effect. The electron-phonon matrix element plays an important role in the intensity increase (decrease) of the combination (overtone) phonon modes as a function of the Fermi energy.

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Edge phonon state of mono- and few-layer graphene nanoribbons observed by surface and interference co-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 84 publications

References 40 publications

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

A Guide to and Review of the Use of Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Defective Aromatic Carbon Solids: from Graphene to Amorphous Carbons

High lithium anodic performance of highly nitrogen-doped porous carbon prepared from a metal-organic framework

Fermi energy dependence of first- and second-order Raman spectra in graphene: Kohn anomaly and quantum interference effect

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