Effect of Agility Training Under Single-Task Condition Versus Training Under Dual-Task Condition With Different Task Priorities to Improve Balance in the Elderly

A Systematic Review Exploring the Theories Underlying the Improvement of Balance and Reduction in Falls Following Dual-Task Training among Older Adults

“…The DT interventions delivered in the included studies were (1) motor-cognitive, (2) motor-motor, or (3) cognitive–cognitive DT, as reported in Table 1 . Among the 30 included studies, 22 studies [ 21 , 22 , 29 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ] used motor-cognitive DT training, 6 [ 23 , 28 , 30 , 45 , 59 , 64 ] used a motor-motor type of task, and 2 [ 65 , 66 ] included cognitive exercise in both tasks.…”

“…Training sessions lasted between 3 [ 45 ] and 90 min [ 30 ] per session. Eleven studies [ 22 , 23 , 30 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] had 60 min or longer sessions. The frequency of training varied from once a week to every day and the length of training ranged from four weeks to a year [ 44 , 45 , 59 , 60 ].…”

“…Eleven studies [ 22 , 23 , 30 , 44 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] had 60 min or longer sessions. The frequency of training varied from once a week to every day and the length of training ranged from four weeks to a year [ 44 , 45 , 59 , 60 ]. Notably, in one study [ 45 ], twice-daily exercise lasted only three minutes.…”

“…One study did not specifically report pre- and post-assessment time [ 44 ]. Six studies [ 23 , 43 , 48 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] included a follow-up assessment after the intervention phase, and the follow-up period ranged from 2 weeks [ 48 , 51 ] to 12 months [ 57 ].…”

“…Balance was assessed in 25 studies [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 29 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Almost 30% of the studies employed the BBS [ 23 , 28 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 63 , 66 ], while six [ 45 , 49 , 52 , 60 , 62 , 65 ] used the TUG scale, and both scales were utilized in three studies [ 46 , 47 , 61 ]. Three studies [ 30 , 56 , 57 ] examined falls and reported the data as a percentage [ 57 ] or incidence rate ratio [ 30 , 56 ].…”