Effect of agronomic programmes with different susceptibility to deoxynivalenol risk on emerging contamination in winter wheat

Blandino, Massimo; Scarpino, Valentina; Sulyok, Michael; Krska, Rudolf; Reyneri, Amedeo

doi:10.1016/j.eja.2017.01.001

Cited by 26 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The content of acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol, DON-3-G, and of all the other fungal metabolites produced by F. gramineaurum and F. culmorum (CULM, NIV, ZEA, BUT), were found to be closely correlated to the deoxynivalenol content, as already reported for wheat (Blandino et al, 2017). Moreover, AUR was also found to be correlated to DON contamination, and to follow the same trend of contamination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Although the study compared production situations with clearly different environmental conditions, other metabolites produced by Fusarium species, such as ENNs, EQU, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria toxins (AOH, AME, TENT), were always found in traces or at low concentrations in the maize, compared to wheat cultivated in the same growing areas (Blandino et al, 2017). Thus, the occurrence of these metabolites seems to be influenced less by the compared agronomic practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

et al. 2017

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Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites represent the most insidious safety risks to cereal food and the feed chain. Optimising agronomic practices is one of the main strategies adopted to minimise the contents of these undesirable substances in grain-based commodities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of sowing times and hybrids on the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in maize. Field experiments were carried out in 2 sowing times (early vs late) and 3 maize hybrids were compared in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Overall, 37 fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species were detected. Apart from fumonisins type B (FBs), other metabolites produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, such as fumonisins type A, fusaric acid, bikaverin and fusaproliferin, were also detected in all of the samples. Fusarin C was found in 61% of the samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin and zearalenone, all of which are produced prevalently by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, were found in all the samples. Their contents were clearly affected by the meteorological trend: the highest contamination was detected in the 2014 growing season, which was characterised by abundant rainfall and lower temperatures from flowering to maize ripening. Among the mycotoxins produced by other Fusarium species, aurofusarin was found to clearly be associated with DON, while moniliformin and beauvericin followed the same behaviour as the FBs.A late sowing time significantly increased the FBs and fumonisin-associated mycotoxins in both growing seasons. The increase in contamination with the delay of sowing was more pronounced in the 2015 growing season, as the environmental conditions were less favourable to the infection of other Fusarium species. The effect of sowing time on DON and DON-associated mycotoxins produced conflicting results for the two growing seasons, because contamination by these metabolites depends more on the conditions that occur during maize flowering than those that occur during ripening. A clearer hybrid susceptibility was observed for these compounds. Other metabolites, such as enniatins, equisetin, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria toxins, were always found in traces. The occurrence of these metabolites seems to be influenced less by the considered agronomic practices.The results, obtained under naturally-infected field conditions, underline the key role that the sowing date and hybrid susceptibility play in influencing, in a variable way, the contamination of mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species in maize subjected to different meteorological conditions. The content of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. section Liseola is more directly and steadily related to late sowing time, while the contamination of mycotoxins associated to Fusarium spp. section Discolor depends more strongly on the environmental conditions at maize flowering and on hybrid susceptibility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

et al. 2017

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“…The correlation between DON and emerging mycotoxins is poorly documented. In winter wheat, Blandino and co-workers [49] addressed the correlation between DON and other mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, and showed that correlations between DON and either culmorin or moniliformin were significant (0.94 and 0.42, respectively). By contrast, the correlations between DON and AFN or BEA were not significant (0.2 and -0.14, respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Khoshal

Novak²,

Martin

et al. 2019

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Food and feed can be naturally contaminated by several mycotoxins, and concern about the hazard of exposure to mycotoxin mixtures is increasing. In this study, more than 800 metabolites were analyzed in 524 finished pig feed samples collected worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the samples were co-contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and other regulated/emerging mycotoxins. The Top 60 emerging/regulated mycotoxins co-occurring with DON in pig feed shows that 48%, 13%, 8% and 12% are produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species, respectively. Then, the individual and combined toxicity of DON and the 10 most prevalent emerging mycotoxins (brevianamide F, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), tryptophol, enniatins A1, B, B1, emodin, aurofusarin, beauvericin and apicidin) was measured at three ratios corresponding to pig feed contamination. Toxicity was assessed by measuring the viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells, IPEC-1, at 48-h. BRV-F, Cyclo and TRPT did not alter cell viability. The other metabolites were ranked in the following order of toxicity: apicidin > enniatin A1 > DON > beauvericin > enniatin B > enniatin B1 > emodin > aurofusarin. In most of the mixtures, combined toxicity was similar to the toxicity of DON alone. In terms of pig health, these results demonstrate that the co-occurrence of emerging mycotoxins that we tested with DON does not exacerbate toxicity.

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“…Modified and emerging mycotoxins which cover DON derivatives (DON-3-glucoside, acetyl-DONs, nor-DONs and deepoxy-DON), nivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, enns, BEA, moniliformin, and fumonisins are not regulated by EU law. Furthermore, multiple fungal metabolites including mycotoxins are frequently observed [32,33]. This is a topic of great concern, as co-contaminated samples might still exert adverse health effects due to additive/synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiple Fungal Metabolites Including Mycotoxins in Naturally Infected and Fusarium-Inoculated Wheat Samples

et al. 2020

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In this study, the occurrence of multiple fungal metabolites including mycotoxins was determined in four different winter wheat varieties in a field experiment in Croatia. One group was naturally infected, while the second group was inoculated with a Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum mixture to simulate a worst-case infection scenario. Data on the multiple fungal metabolites including mycotoxins were acquired with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-(myco)toxin method. In total, 36 different fungal metabolites were quantified in this study: the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), culmorin (CULM), 15-hydroxyculmorin, 5-hydroxyculmorin, aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, enniatin (Enn) A, Enn A1, Enn B, Enn B1, Enn B2, Enn B3, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, chrysogin, zearalenone (ZEN), moniliformin (MON), nivalenol (NIV), siccanol, equisetin, beauvericin (BEA), and antibiotic Y; the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol, alternariolmethylether, altersetin, infectopyron, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid; the Aspergillus mycotoxin kojic acid; unspecific metabolites butenolid, brevianamid F, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val), and tryptophol. The most abundant mycotoxins in the inoculated and naturally contaminated samples, respectively, were found to occur at the following average concentrations: DON (19,122/1504 µg/kg), CULM (6109/1010 µg/kg), 15-hydroxyculmorin (56,022/1301 µg/kg), 5-hydroxyculmorin (21,219/863 µg/kg), aurofusarin (43,496/1266 µg/kg). Compared to naturally-infected samples, Fusarium inoculations at the flowering stage increased the concentrations of all Fusarium mycotoxins, except enniatins and siccanol in Ficko, the Aspergillus metabolite kojic acid, the Alternaria mycotoxin altersetin, and unspecific metabolites brevianamid F, butenolid, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), and cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val). In contrast to these findings, because of possible antagonistic actions, Fusarium inoculation decreased the concentrations of the Alternaria toxins alternariol, alternariolmethylether, infectopyron, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid, as well as the concentration of the nonspecific metabolite tryptophol.

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Effect of agronomic programmes with different susceptibility to deoxynivalenol risk on emerging contamination in winter wheat

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells

Multiple Fungal Metabolites Including Mycotoxins in Naturally Infected and Fusarium-Inoculated Wheat Samples

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