Effect of Artificial Light Treatment on the Physiological Property and Biological Activity of the Aerial and Underground Parts of Atractylodes macrocephala

Abstract

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. is primarily used as a raw material in herbal medicine to treat digestive diseases. To improve the functionality of A. macrocephala, its growth patterns under artificial light were studied. A. macrocephala grew better under MEL light, with the highest chlorophyll content (57.07 ± 0.65 SPAD), than under other artificial light sources. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 2000 μg·mL−1 underground extract treated with LED-red light was the highest (95.3 ± 1.1%). Furthermore, the total phenol and flavonoid contents of underground extract treated with LED-green light were the highest at 24.93 ± 0.3 mg GAE·g−1 and 11.2 ± 0.3 mg QE·g−1, respectively. Moreover, in the analysis of whitening activity, the tyrosinase inhibition rate of 5000 μg·mL −1 extract treated with LED-red light was the highest (84.6 ± 2.9%). In anti-inflammatory activity assay, LPS- induced RAW 264.7 cells exposed to 100 μg·mL−1 extract treated with fluorescent light showed the lowest NO levels (2.97 ± 0.14%). Finally, the expression of iNOS and COX-2, which are related to anti-inflammatory activity, was suppressed in cells exposed to artificial light-treated extract compared with that in controls, indicating potent anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, growth under artificial light can improve the various biological functions of A. macrocephala.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Methanolic Seed Extracts of International Sorghum bicolor L. Resources

“…Raw 264.7 cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10 5 cells/well in 100 µL per well in a 96-well plate (SPL Life Science Korea, Pocheon, Republic of Korea) and incubated in a CO 2 incubator for 24 h [19]. Following this incubation, the medium was discarded, and the cells were treated with sorghum seed extract at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, diluted in DMEM/High Modified medium (Hyclone Laboratories Inc., South Logan, UT, USA), for 24 h. After the treatment period, the extract was removed, and 100 µL of 500 µg/mL MTT reagent was added to each well.…”

“…To evaluate the rate of NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, 100 µL of RAW 264.7 cells, at a density of 1 × 10 5 cells/well, were seeded into a 96-well plate and incubated in a CO 2 incubator for 24 h [19]. Subsequently, 50 µL of 4 µg/mL LPS and 50 µL of sorghum seed extract, diluted to concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 µg/mL using DMEM/High Modified, were added and incubated for another 24 h in a CO 2 incubator (Sanyo Co., Ltd., MCO-19AIC, Osaka, Japan).…”

Evaluation of Growth Characteristics and Biological Activities of ‘Dachul’, a Hybrid Medicinal Plant of Atractylodes macrocephala × Atractylodes japonica, under Different Artificial Light Sources

“…The main effects of A. japonica are reported to be diuresis, sweating, promotion of liver tissue regeneration, analgesic, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects [ 3 ]. Recently, the effects of enhancing biological and anti-inflammatory activities were revealed in a study on A. macrocephala using an artificial light source [ 4 ]. A. japonica is a species native to Korea and was developed by hybridizing A. japonica × A. macrocephala to overcome the problems of low seed rate, slow root growth, and low production.…”