“…Acute intake of coffee or caffeine increased vascular resistance, indicating a vasoconstrictor effect (Pincomb et al, 1985(Pincomb et al, , 1988Smits et al, 1986a;Lovallo et al, 1991;Casiglia et al, 1992;Sung et al, 1994). The pressor effect has often been accompanied by a small decrease in the heart rate (Izzo et al, 1983;Smits et al, 1983Smits et al, , 1985Smits et al, , 1986aRobertson et al, 1984;Sung et al, 1994), or heart rate was not sign®cantly affected even after high doses of caffeine (Robertson et al, 1981;Ammon et al, 1983;Casiglia et al, 1992;Bender et al, 1997).…”