Effect of Coffee Consumption on the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Prediabetic Individuals

Abstract

BackgroundA previous large-scale cohort study investigated the relationship between coffee intake and the progression of diabetes mellitus in the United States. However, studies on the effects of coffee on diabetes are rare in South Korea. Therefore, this study assessed the amount and method of coffee intake in Koreans in order to determine if coffee intake has a prophylactic effect on diabetes progression.MethodsThis study included 3,497 prediabetic patients from a single medical institution, with glycated hemoglobin levels ranging from 5.7% to 6.4%. Cross-tabulation and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to compare patients with and without diabetes progression based on the frequency and method of coffee intake. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to correct for confounding variables.ResultsThe observation period (mean±standard deviation) was 3.7±2.3 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the risk of diabetes progression was lowest in patients who drank black coffee three or more times per day (P=0.036). However, correction for confounding variables in Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that, while the risk was lower for the patients who typically consumed black coffee than for those who mixed creamer and sugar into their coffees, the difference was not significant.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that drinking coffee without sugar and creamer at least three times daily has the greatest preventive effect on diabetes onset.

Differential associations between diet and prediabetes or diabetes in the KORA FF4 study

“…( 11 ) , which found an inverse association between coffee intake and the risk of incident prediabetes and T2DM in individuals with known T2DM-related genetic mutations. Further studies have reported that coffee may lower the risk of developing T2DM or reduce the likelihood of progression from prediabetes to diabetes ( 23 , 26 , 39 , 40 ) . However, no previous study to our knowledge has identified an association between coffee consumption and prediabetes in a population-based sample.…”

Association between Consumption of Coffee and the Prevalence of Periodontitis: The 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…The previous report also showed that consumption of coffee, particularly instant coffee mix, may result in weight gain and insulin resistance and may have harmful effects on metabolic syndrome, perhaps partly deriving from excessive intake of sugar and powder creamer[ 4 , 42 ]. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the risk of diabetes progression was lowest in patients who drank black coffee three or more times per day[ 43 ]. The instant coffee mix that contains nondairy creamer and/or sugar may have offset the potential benefit of coffee[ 42 ].…”

Regression from prediabetes to normal glucose levels is more frequent than progression towards diabetes: The CRONICAS Cohort Study

“…Chronic elevated blood glucose below the range of T2DM diagnosis represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality (9). The proportion of progression of what is defined as "prediabetes" to T2DM remains unclear, however it has been described that up to 70% of prediabetes cases will eventually progress to T2DM, at a rate of 5% to 10% per year (10)(11)(12). Additionally, potential confounders such as body mass index, abdominal obesity, family history of T2DM, hypertension, cholesterol level, and low physical activity may potentially interfere with the progression from prediabetes to T2DM (11).…”