Effect of Eight Weekly Aerobic Training Program on Auditory Reaction Time and MaxVO2 in Visual Impairments

Abstract

<p class="apa">The aim of study was to examine the effect of eight weekly aerobic exercises on auditory reaction time and maxvo<sub>2</sub> in visual impairments. Forty visual impairment children that have blind 3 classification from the Turkey, experimental group; (age=15.60±1.10 years; height=164.15±4.88 cm; weight=66.60±4.77 kg) for twenty subject and control group; (age=15.40±1.09; height=166.30±3.87 cm; weight=65.20±3.94 kg) for twenty subject, participated as volunteer in this research. The audio reaction time in dominant hand assessments were made by Newtest 1/1000 sensitive reaction timer. This study that used the 20-m shuttle run test to estimate peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) for visual impairment children in experimental and control groups on a wooden gymnasium floor. Exercise intensity was determined according to the workload reached during the maximal graded exercise test. Reserve heart rate was calculated as the difference between peak and resting heart rate, multiplied by the intensity of exercise and added to resting heart rate, according to the Karvonen method. MaxVO<sub>2 </sub>was significantly different between experimental and control group in pre-test (P<0.05). On the other hand, auditory reaction time was insignificant differences between experimental and control grouping pre-test (P>0.05). Auditory reaction time and MaxVO<sub>2 </sub>was significantly different between pre-test and post-test in experimental group (P<0.05). On the other hand, auditory reaction time and MaxVO<sub>2</sub>was insignificant differences between pre-test and post-test in control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, regular aerobic training programs in visual-impaired ones will lead to improvements in auditory reaction time and maximal oxygen capacity and sweep their disadvantages in comparison to their peers.</p>

Interventions to improve functioning, participation, and quality of life in children with visual impairment: a systematic review

“…The available fulltext articles were screened on inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for eligibility. Together with articles identified through searches in reference lists of previously retrieved reviews and the gray literature, this resulted in 64 articles, describing 66 different studies (28 RCTs, 3,7,13,16,19,21,32, 33,39,47,50,54,56e58,61,62,66,69,72,78,83,85,93,98,111,121,124 18 non-RCTs, 1,2,6,11,15,20,27,35,44,51,55,65,74,75,82,89,96,104 and 20 before-after comparisons (BAs) 8 articles of McMahon and Kederis described 2 different studies. 57,58,70,71 The 66 included studies were published between 1964 and 2018, and 37 (56.1%) of them were published in the last decade (2008e2018) 1e3, 13,15,16,19e21,27,28, 30,32,33,35,39,40,43,46,51,54,62,65,69e71,73e75,78,82,83,85,89,91,96,98,104,110,111,124 ( Table 1).…”

“…57,58,70,71 The 66 included studies were published between 1964 and 2018, and 37 (56.1%) of them were published in the last decade (2008e2018) 1e3, 13,15,16,19e21,27,28, 30,32,33,35,39,40,43,46,51,54,62,65,69e71,73e75,78,82,83,85,89,91,96,98,104,110,111,124 ( Table 1). Most of the studies were conducted in the United States, 7,11,12,26,35,44,47,55e58,61,65,66,70e72,78,84,91,93,95,121 1 in Canada, 8 11 in Europe (i.e., United Kingdom, 50,108,119 Germany, 6 the Netherlands, 13,27,51,83,89 and Greece 69,82 ), 28 in Asian countries (i.e., Iran, 54 Turkey, 1,15,16,30,104,110,111,123,124 India, 20,21,28,39,40,43,46,62,74,75,90,96 Jordan, 2 Pakistan, 85 Japan, 97 Taiwan, 19 and Thailand 3,98 ), a...…”

“…1,11,13,21,27,28,30,35,47,51,54,75,78,89 Slightly more often, studies reported the degree of visual impairment (e.g., severe visual impairment, legal blindness) or fulfillment of certain criteria for low vision (e.g., the criteria for low vision of the WHO or the ICD criteria). 1,6,16,20,39,40,44,50,56,62,69,75,90,93,96,104,110,111,121 In some cases, authors quantified the number of participants with a certain degree of visual impairment, that is, how many participants had visual impairment and how many participants were blind. 32,39,74,85,90,97,108,123 Thirteen studies reported the number of participants that fell into a visual acuity range or reported the visual acuity of each individual participant, 7,8,12,13,15,…”

“…The studies included in this review investigated a broad range of interventions (Table 1). For studies focusing on physical performance, interventions included (group-based) training programs, 1,12,16,19,54,69,74,75,82,97,104 provision of information, 56,91 sports camps, 11,71,84 and training in trail-following tasks. 89 For studies focusing on oral health, interventions included oral health education programs 3,20,28,39,96,123 and tooth brushing instructions.…”

“…3,7,16,61,69,78,83,85 From all RCTs, the studies of Qureshi and coworkers and Platje and coworkers were rated as having the least risk of bias, 83,85 whereas the study of Sacks and Gaylord-Ross was rated as having the most risk of bias. 93 All BAs and most of the non-RCTs 1,2,11,15,20,27,35,51,65,74,89,96,104 were rated as having serious risk of bias due to confounding. For BAs, this is linked to the study design chosen, whereas for non-RCTs, most studies did not control or correct for all possible confounders.…”