“…Sun 36 conducted experimental investigations on the viscoelastic and yield behavior during emulsion gelling process, elucidating the underlying mechanism through comprehensive analysis of experimental results. Furthermore, the collision and aggregation 37,38 of water droplets in the oil-water phase under external conditions such as shear 39 and electric eld 40,41 can be quanti-ed using statistical approaches like assessing the collision frequency and agglomeration efficiency of water droplets. [42][43][44] Subsequently, it can be utilized to forecast alterations in dynamic behavior 45 of water droplets within the system induced by microscopic phenomena like collision and aggregation, which holds immense signicance for further exploration of multidimensional behavioral characteristics exhibited by waxy crude oil emulsions.…”