Effect of enriched housing on levels of natural (auto-)antibodies in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Luo, Lihua; Dixhoorn, I.D.E. van; Reimert, Inonge; Kemp, B.; Bolhuis, J.E.; Parmentier, H.K.

doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0481-y

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Pigs that were housed for 9 weeks in a straw embedded environment showed higher levels of IgM NAb binding myelin basic protein (MBP) compared to pigs kept in a barren environment (119), suggesting that the straw embedded environment has an enriching effect on the brain and either results in higher NAb-levels or prevents a decrease of these antibodies in barren environment kept pigs. Interestingly, in the barren kept pigs increasing levels of IgM binding MBP positively correlated with a decrease in viral PPRSV RNA levels (135) suggesting that high NAb-levels to a self-antigen enhanced resistance to PRRSV. The underlying mechanism remained unknown.…”

Section: Natural Antibodies Against Brain Epitopes and Their Relationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review

2020

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Natural antibodies (NAb) are defined as germline encoded immunoglobulins found in individuals without (known) prior antigenic experience. NAb bind exogenous (e.g., bacterial) and self-components and have been found in every vertebrate species tested. NAb likely act as a first-line immune defense against infections. A large part of NAb, so called natural autoantibodies (NAAb) bind to and clear (self) neo-epitopes, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Such self-binding antibodies cannot, however, be considered as pathogenic autoantibodies in the classical sense. IgM and IgG NAb and NAAb and their implications in health and disease are relatively well-described in humans and mice. NAb are present in veterinary (and wildlife) species, but their relation with diseases and disorders in veterinary species are much less known. Also, there is little known of IgA NAb. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin with essential pro-inflammatory and homeostatic properties urging for more research on the importance of IgA NAb. Since NAb in humans were indicated to fulfill important functions in health and disease, their role in health of veterinary species should be investigated more often. Furthermore, it is unknown whether levels of NAb-isotypes and/or idiotypes can and should be modulated. Veterinary species as models of choice fill in a niche between mice and (non-human) primates, and the study of NAb in veterinary species may provide valuable new insights that will likely improve health management. Below, examples of the involvement of NAb in several diseases in mostly humans are shown. Possibilities of intravenous immunoglobulin administration, targeted immunotherapy, immunization, diet, and genetic modulation are discussed, all of which could be well-studied using animal models. Arguments are given why veterinary immunology should obtain inspiration from human studies and why human immunology would benefit from veterinary models. Within the One Health concept, findings from veterinary (and wildlife) studies can be related to human studies and vice versa so that both fields will mutually benefit. This will lead to a better understanding of NAb: their origin, activation mechanisms, and their implications in health and disease, and will lead to novel health management strategies for both human and veterinary species.

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Section: Natural Antibodies Against Brain Epitopes and Their Relationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review

2020

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“…Moreover, these barren conditions can also cause chronic stress in pigs, as reflected in physiological changes (4)(5)(6). In addition, barren housing conditions were found to alter immunity (7)(8)(9) and even to increase the susceptibility to lung infections (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Early and Current Environmental Enrichment on Behavior and Growth in Pigs

et al. 2020

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Enriched environments are known to beneficially affect the behavior of pigs, as compared with barren pens. The influence of enrichment may, however, depend on pigs' early life housing experiences. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of early and later life environmental enrichment on behavior and growth in pigs with different coping styles. Pigs were housed in either barren pens or in larger pens enriched with rooting substrates from birth, and half of them experienced a housing switch, i.e., a loss or gain of enrichment, at 7 weeks of age, creating four treatment groups. Home pen behavior and body weight were recorded until 19 weeks of age. Pigs were classified as reactive or proactive based on a backtest at 2 weeks of age. Enrichment increased time spent exploring, chewing, and play and decreased oral manipulation of penmates and pen-directed exploring and chewing. Behavior of pigs that switched from barren to enriched pens or vice versa reflected not only their actual environment, but also their early life housing. As early and later life enrichment affected most behaviors in opposite directions, effects of enrichment, or lack thereof, after the switch were more pronounced in pigs that had experienced a different early life condition. For instance, pigs experiencing an upgrade from barren to enriched pens seemed to "catch-up" by showing more exploration and play. Conversely, pigs exposed to a downgrade displayed more oral manipulation of penmates than ones kept barren throughout, which particularly held for pigs with a reactive coping style. Effects of early life and current housing on several other behaviors depended on coping style too. Pigs housed in enriched conditions appeared better able to cope with weaning than barren housed pigs, as they gained more weight and had higher feed intake post-weaning. Barren housed pigs had a lower body weight than enriched pigs just before the switch, after which growth was mainly determined by actual housing, with enriched kept pigs having a higher feed intake and body weight. Thus, not only current housing conditions, but also a (mis)match with the early life environment may affect behavior and growth of pigs.

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“…A dataset of parameters of 28 piglets was used originating from an experiment described earlier ( 13 , 14 ). For the experiment, the established principles of laboratory animal use and the EU and Dutch laws related to animal experiments were adhered to in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood samples taken by jugular vein puncture when piglets were 38 and 44 days of age were used to establish levels of NAb binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or phosphoryl-conjugated bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and natural antibodies binding self-antigen (NAAb) to myelin basic protein (MBP, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) according to procedures described by Luo et al ( 14 ). In short, titers of IgM and IgG antibodies binding (KLH, MBP, or PC-BSA) were determined by a two-step indirect ELISA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal-Based Factors Prior to Infection Predict Histological Disease Outcome in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus- and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-Infected Pigs

et al. 2021

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A large variety of clinical manifestation in individual pigs occurs after infection with pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Some pigs are less prone to develop respiratory disease symptoms. The variation in clinical impact after infection and the recovery capacity of an individual animal are measures of its resilience. In this paper, we examined which ones of a range of animal-based factors (rectal temperature, body weight, skin lesion scores, behavior, natural antibody serum levels, serum levels of white blood cells, and type of T and granulocyte subsets) when measured prior to infection are related to disease severity. These animal-based factors and the interaction with housing regimen of the piglets (conventional or enriched) were modeled using linear regression to predict disease severity using a dataset acquired from a previous study using a well-established experimental coinfection model of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Both PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae are often involved in PRDC. Histological lung lesion score of each animal was used as a measure for PRDC severity after infection. Prior to infection, higher serum levels of lymphocytes (CD3+), naïve T helper (CD3+CD4+CD8−), CD8+ (as well as higher relative levels of CD8+), and memory T helper (CD3+CD4+CD8+) cells and higher relative levels of granulocytes (CD172a) were related to reduced disease severity in both housing systems. Raised serum concentrations of natural IgM antibodies binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were also related to reduced disease severity after infection. Increased levels of skin lesions at the central body part (after weaning and before infection) were related to increased disease severity in conventional housing systems only. High resisters showed a lower histological lung lesion score, which appeared unrelated to sex. Body temperature, behavior, and growth prior to infections were influenced by housing regimen but could not explain the variation in lung lesion scores after infection. Raised basal lymphocyte counts and lower skin lesion scores are related to reduced disease severity independent of or dependent on housing system, respectively. In conclusion, our study identifies intrinsic animal-based measures using linear regression analysis that predicts resilience to infections in pigs.

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Effect of enriched housing on levels of natural (auto-)antibodies in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review

Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review

Effects of Early and Current Environmental Enrichment on Behavior and Growth in Pigs

Animal-Based Factors Prior to Infection Predict Histological Disease Outcome in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus- and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-Infected Pigs

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