Effect of essential fatty acid and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on birth intervals, neonatal piglet brain myelination, stillbirth, and preweaning mortality1,2

Vallet, J. L.; Rempel, Lea A.; Miles, Jeremy R.; Webel, S. K.

doi:10.2527/jas.2013-7130

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Creatine supplementation to sows to maintain ATP supply during strenuous activities in the last 5 d of gestation had no effect on SR (Vallet et al, 2013). Supplementation of essential fatty acids and zinc during the last 35 d of gestation had no impact on SR, whereas zinc supplementation decreased the SR only during prolonged farrowings (Vallet et al, 2014). Likewise, supplementing sows with n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from day 60 (Smit et al, 2013) or 107 (Smits et al, 2011) of gestation until farrowing did not affect the SR.…”

Section: Impact Of Energy Status During Farrowing On the Fk Fa And Srmentioning

confidence: 89%

Impact of sow energy status during farrowing on farrowing kinetics, frequency of stillborn piglets, and farrowing assistance1

Feyera

Pedersen

Krogh

et al. 2018

Journal of Animal Science

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Farrowing duration is rather long in sows most likely due to selection for large litters, and we hypothesized that prolonged farrowings would compromise sow energy status during farrowing and in turn the farrowing process. Two studies were performed as follows: 1) to evaluate whether sow energy status during farrowing compromise the farrowing kinetics (FK, i.e., farrowing duration and birth intervals) and 2) to study the underlying mechanisms potentially affecting stillbirth rate and farrowing assistance. In study-1, parameters affecting FK were characterized based on data from a total of 166 farrowings from 7 feeding trials focused on sow colostrum production. The data were screened for associations with FK using the CORR procedure of SAS. Traits that were correlated with the FK at P < 0.05 were included in a multivariate regression model. Time since last meal until the onset of farrowing greatly affected the farrowing duration (r = 0.76; n = 166; P < 0.001) and a broken-line model was fitted to describe that relationship. According to the model, farrowing duration was constant (3.8 ± 1.5 h) if the farrowing started before the breakpoint (3.13 ± 0.34 h after the last meal), whereas farrowing duration increased to 9.3 h if the farrowing started 8 h after the last meal. Subsequently, sows were divided into 3 categories based on that trait (≤3, 3 to 6, and >6 h) to evaluate the impact on birth intervals, farrowing assistance, and stillbirth rate. Birth intervals (P < 0.001), odds for farrowing assistance (P < 0.001), and odds for stillbirth (P = 0.02) were low, intermediate, and high when time since last meal was ≤3, 3 to 6, and >6 h, respectively. In study-2, blood samples were collected once or twice each week in late gestation and each hour during farrowing to measure arterial concentrations and uterine extractions of plasma metabolites. Time since last meal was strongly negatively correlated with arterial glucose 1 h after the onset of farrowing (r= -0.96; n = 9; P < 0.001). Glucose appeared to be the key energy metabolite for oxidative metabolism of gravid uterus. In conclusion, the present study strongly suggests that a substantial proportion of sows suffer from low-energy status at the onset farrowing and that this negatively affects the farrowing process. Transferring this knowledge into practice, the results suggest that sows should be fed at least 3 daily meals in late gestation.

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Section: Impact Of Energy Status During Farrowing On the Fk Fa And Srmentioning

confidence: 89%

Impact of sow energy status during farrowing on farrowing kinetics, frequency of stillborn piglets, and farrowing assistance1

Feyera

Pedersen

Krogh

et al. 2018

Journal of Animal Science

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“…They reported fewer abnormal pigs per litter and almost an additional pig per litter when sows were supplemented with 500 ppm compared to 50 ppm Zn. When 700 ppm Zn sulfate was fed from day 80 of gestation until farrowing, stillbirth rate was decreased during prolonged farrowing [ 121 ].…”

Section: Zincmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production

Hill

Shannon

2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

114

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Livestock have presented unique requirements and toxicity issues depending on the species for the various concentrations of Cu and Zn and their interactions with other nutrients especially Fe, Se, Mo, and S. Soil concentrations of these elements and their availability to crops influence the health of the crop and the amount found in vegetative tissues and seeds. Hence, many livestock issues are a result of the soils in the area where production is occurring (Loneragan et al. 1981 ). While water can provide minerals to animals, the amount consumed and availability are highly variable. Many discoveries about Cu were a result of low Cu concentrations and its availability due to interactions with other nutrients in the soils. Anemia, bone disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, defective wool and hair, and infertility are signs/symptoms of Cu deficiency. Toxicity due to excess Cu is more likely to occur in sheep than other farm species. Swine are tolerant of high concentrations of dietary Cu, and it is often used as a growth stimulant in production. There are many species and physiological stages where the animal’s Cu requirement is not known. Grazing animals can exhibit Zn deficiency when soils and forages contain limited concentrations of Zn. Pastures have been observed to be Zn-deficient in many parts of the world. However, non-ruminant animals usually receive adequate Zn when fed corn and soybean meal diets if there is not excessive Ca and Fe in their diets, but this is not true for rapidly growing young animals. Characteristics of a Zn deficiency include loss of appetite, reduced growth and reproduction, and impaired health of bone and skin tissues.

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“…Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of carbonate ion from CO 2 , and is a major mechanism enabling the safe transport in serum of CO2 away from tissues after it is produced. Interestingly, a recent study indicated that supplementation of zinc during late pregnancy reduced the incidence of stillbirths in low birth weight piglets, reinforcing the importance of zinc to the developing pig fetus [ 97 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placental accommodations for transport and metabolism during intra-uterine crowding in pigs

Vallet

McNeel

Miles

et al. 2014

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Litter size and birth weights are limited by uterine capacity, defined as the ability of the uterus to maintain the appropriate development of some number of conceptuses. Uterine capacity is the result of the combined effects of uterine, placental and embryo/fetal function. The number of living conceptuses that the uterus is capable of supporting is greater during early gestation compared to later gestation. Plots of log fetal weight versus log placental weight also indicate that fetal weights are less sensitive to reduced placental weight (and therefore reduced intrauterine space) in early gestation compared to late gestation. However, even in late gestation, mechanisms still exist that maintain fetal growth when the size of the placenta is reduced. One such mechanism is likely to be improved development of the folded placental-epithelial/maternal-epithelial bilayer. Fold depth, and therefore the maternal fetal interactive surface, increases as gestation advances and is greater in placenta from small fetuses. On the fetal side of the placenta, the epithelial bilayer is embedded in stromal tissue. Glycosaminoglycans are major components of stroma, including hyaluronan and heparan sulfate. Hyaluronidases and heparanases are present within placental tissues, and likely play roles in modification of stromal components to facilitate fold development. Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of forms of glucose (glucosamine, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid) suggesting that glycosaminoglycan synthesis may compete with the glucose needs of the developing fetus. Pig conceptuses are fructogenic, such that a substantial portion of glucose transferred from mother to fetus is converted to fructose. Fructose is an intermediate product in the synthesis of glucosamine from glucose, and glucosamine is linked to regulation of trophoblast cell proliferation through regulation of mTOR. These findings suggest a link between glucose, fructose, glucosamine synthesis, GAG production, and placental morphogenesis, but the details of these interactions remain unclear. In addition, recent placental epithelial transcriptome analysis identified several glucose, amino acid, lipid, vitamin, mineral and hormone transporter mechanisms within the placenta. Further elucidation of mechanisms of placental morphogenesis and solute transport could provide clues to improving nutrient transport to the pig fetus, potentially increasing litter size and piglet birth weights.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-1891-5-55) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Effect of essential fatty acid and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on birth intervals, neonatal piglet brain myelination, stillbirth, and preweaning mortality1,2

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Impact of sow energy status during farrowing on farrowing kinetics, frequency of stillborn piglets, and farrowing assistance1

Impact of sow energy status during farrowing on farrowing kinetics, frequency of stillborn piglets, and farrowing assistance1

Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production

Placental accommodations for transport and metabolism during intra-uterine crowding in pigs

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