Effect of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer on kinematic viscosity and thermal stability of jojoba, date seed, and waste cooking oils in lubricant applications

Jabri, Hareb Al; Khan, Shoyeb; Das, Probir; Thaher, Mahmoud; Quadir, Mohammed Abdul

doi:10.1007/s13726-021-00991-0

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…37 The kinematic viscosities of several edible and nonedible vegetable oils have reportedly been increased by viscosityenhancing and gel-forming properties of EVA. 15,36,37 The chemically modified TMP triesters of Tetraselmis, Coelastrella, and Chlorocystis oils had the kinematic viscosity in the range of 29.2 mm 2 /s, which was similar to earlier reported TMP triesters made from C 6 , C 8 , and C 10 saturated fatty acids (SFA), whose kinematic viscosity ranged from 22 to 23.3 mm 2 s −1 . 45 Although the kinematic viscosity of chemically modified biolubricant was lower than that of EVA-based biolubricant, the chemically modified biolubricant viscosity index was similar to other reported TMP-based biolubricant and higher than the viscosity index value of some mineral oil lubricant basestocks.…”

Section: Coefficient Of Friction (Cof) Analysis By a Pin-on-disk Trib...supporting

confidence: 82%

“…ASTM D2270 method was used to calculate the viscosity index (VI) using eqs –, where Y is the kinematic viscosity in mm 2 s –1 of the oil at 100 °C, and U is the kinematic viscosity of oil and biolubricants at 40 °C. , H = 0.1684 Y 2 + 11.85 Y − 97 VI = true[ ( antilog ⁡ N ) − 1 0.00715 true] + 100 where N = false( normallog nobreak0em.25em⁡ H − normallog nobreak0em.25em⁡ U false) / log ⁡ Y …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,36 EVA copolymer has been reported to form a three-dimensional crystalline structure in various plantbased oils, leading to increased kinematic viscosity. 15,37 As a result, it is necessary to study the physicochemical and tribological properties of biolubricant produced from microalgal oil and additives such as EVA and without including mineral oil basestock. Consequently, a biorefinery technique was developed in this study to produce a biolubricant from lipid-rich brackish microalgae.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transesterification, epoxidation, and estolide formation are three chemical modification processes that have undergone extensive research and development to produce biolubricants . In order to improve the poor oxidative and viscometric properties of biolubricants, multifunctional additives are also added. − Even with the successful development of biolubricants made from both edible and inedible vegetable oils and animal fats, the requirement for arable land and freshwater for plant cultivation and animal rearing may lead to freshwater scarcity and negatively affect the use of arable land. − Therefore, alternative feedstocks need to be developed alongside animal fats and existing edible and inedible vegetable oils to produce biolubricants. As an alternative to animal fats or edible or inedible vegetable oils, microalgae could also be utilized to produce biolubricants .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other than PAO, additives such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer could be utilized for producing biolubricants. EVA copolymer has been reported as an inert, nonhazardous, stable, and nontoxic material; EVA has been utilized as an additive for improving kinematic viscosity, cold flow, and tribological properties of various lubricants and plant-based oils. , EVA copolymer has been reported to form a three-dimensional crystalline structure in various plant-based oils, leading to increased kinematic viscosity. , As a result, it is necessary to study the physicochemical and tribological properties of biolubricant produced from microalgal oil and additives such as EVA and without including mineral oil basestock. Consequently, a biorefinery technique was developed in this study to produce a biolubricant from lipid-rich brackish microalgae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biolubricant Synthesis by Additization and Chemical Modification from Lipid-Rich Brackish Coelastrella sp. Using a Biorefinery Approach

Khan,

Das,

Radwan

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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With a sizable market share and widespread use in automotive and industrial applications, biolubricants are produced from the oils of terrestrial plants that have undergone chemical modification or additive addition. Brackish or marine microalgae utilize less arable land and have a lower freshwater footprint compared to terrestrial plants. They are thus a potential source of raw materials for the production of biolubricants. This study screened eight marine microalgae, i.e., Coelastrella sp., Chlorocystis sp., Ceatocerous sp., Neochloris sp., Picochlorum sp., Tisochrysis sp., Tetraselmis sp., and Synechococcus sp. for their lipid and pigment content as a preliminary step. Coelastrella sp., Tetraselmis sp., and Chlorocystis sp. were chosen for additional study in outdoor cultivation based on total lipid, pigments, and harvestability. Coelastrella, Tetraselmis, and Chlorocystis species had total lipid contents of 50.2, 7.6, and 9.1% (w/w), respectively. In Coelastrella sp., total carotenoids, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations were 0.3, 45.8, and 51%, respectively. Based on total carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and lipid content, Coelastrella sp. was chosen to produce biolubricants by chemical modification and addition of its lipid. Kinematic viscosities and the viscosity index of the EVA-added Coelastrella sp. biolubricant were higher than those of the chemically produced Coelastrella TMP triesters. The thermal stability of the Coelastrella biolubricant with EVA additive was higher, whereas chemically synthesized TMP triester biolubricant had considerably lower thermal stability. A 1% increase in EVA reduced the coefficient of friction of SFA biolubricant from 0.075 to 0.03 and the wear rate from 12 μ gm N −1 m −1 to 0.6 μ gm N −1 m −1 , resulting in 60% and 95% reduction in friction and wear rate, respectively, making it a potential lubricant basestock for a variety of industrial applications.

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