Effect of Feed Supplement Containing Dried Kratom Leaves on Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Serum Antioxidants, Hematology, and Nitrogen Balance in Goats

Abstract

The objectives of the present study were to examine the influence of supplementation with dried kratom leaf (DKTL) on the performance, hematology, and nitrogen balance in goats. Four 12-month-old male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.63 ± 0.95 kg were allocated randomly to receive four different levels of DKTL using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The DKTL was added to a total mixed ration (TMR) diet with doses of 0, 2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 g/day to investigate the treatment’s efficacy. The DKTL was high in secondary metabolites, including mitragynine, total phenolics, total tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. There were quadratic effects on total DMI in terms of kg/day (p = 0.04), %BW (p = 0.05), and g/kg BW.75 (p = 0.02). DKTL increased apparent digestibility with quadratic effects (DM; p = 0.01, OM; p = 0.01, CP; p = 0.04, NDF; p = 0.01, and ADF; p = 0.01). The pH value was within the rumen’s normal pH range, whereas NH3-N and BUN concentrations were lower with DKTL supplementation, and also reduced cholesterol (CHOL, p = 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, p = 0.01). The protozoa population decreased linearly as DKTL levels increased (p < 0.01), whereas Fibrobacter succinogenes increased quadratically at 0 h (p = 0.02), and mean values increased linearly (p < 0.01). The average value of acetic acid (C2) and methane production (CH4) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) when DKLT was added to the diet, whereas the quantity of propionic acid (C3) increased linearly (p = 0.01). Our results indicate that DKTL could be a great alternative supplement for goat feed. We believe that DKTL could provide opportunities to assist the goat meat industry in fulfilling the demands of health-conscious consumers.

Effects of Supplementing Finishing Goats with Mitragyna speciosa (Korth) Havil Leaves Powder on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality

“…Our findings are similar to those of Chanjula et al [22], who fed male crossbred (Thai Native × Anglo Nubian) goat's diets with varying amounts of DKTL supplementation (up to 4.44 g/d) in recent research. According to the findings, mitragynine, CT, SP, and other PSCs in DKTL had a beneficial influence on nutritional digestibility.…”

“…The total protein content of the food varied between 6.01-6.22 (g/dL), indicating that it is sufficient to maintain the animals' development without jeopardizing their health. Despite this, all of the serum parameter values were similar to those previously reported by Chanjula et al [22] and Ladokun et al [81]. Furthermore, the SGOT, SGPT, and ALP readings dropped as the amount of DKTL added to goat rations increased, indicating that the goat's liver integrity was conserved.…”

“…However, the reasons for the low feed intake remain unexplained in the current inquiry into the slightly reduced nutritional digestibility observed when DKTL concentrations were raised over the threshold of 4.44 g/d. DKTL is thought to include anti-nutritional compounds such as mitragynine, CT, SP, and phenolic acids, which might affect animal digestion, metabolism, and nutrient absorption [22], and this could be linked to the DKTL diet's lower palatability compared to the control diets. Additional study is needed to determine the cause of the lower feed intake before DKTL powder may be recommended as a feed supplement.…”

“…Kratom leaves are a non-toxic and physiologically safe alternative source of plant bioactive or PSC components such as alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and antioxidants. M. speciosa contains a total phenolic content of 4.0-4.1%, a flavonoid content of 11.2-19.4%, and a mitragynine concentration of 4.1-7.0%, according to Goh et al [21] and Chanjula et al [22]. The central nervous system stimulant and depressive properties of Kratom leaves have been identified.…”

“…DKTL has been studied as a supplement for goats, and it has been discovered that these products can lower ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Probably owing to high levels of mitragynine or secondary metabolites, which are assumed to be induced by direct inhibition of cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride synthesis in the liver, whilst protozoa population and CH 4 production fell linearly, but propionic acid (C3) production rose linearly [22]. On the other hand, the effects of DKTL on matured goats' growth performance, hematological parameters, and carcass features have yet to be investigated.…”