Effect of Freezing, Long-Term Storage, and Microwave Thawing on the Stability of Ketorolac Tromethamine

Abstract

Within these limits, ketorolac tromethamine in dextrose 5% infusion may be prepared and frozen in advance by a centralized intravenous admixture service, then thawed before use in clinical units.

Microwave freeze-thaw technique of injectable drugs. A review from 1980 to 2014

“…Ampicilline need temperature of storage from -30 • C to -70 • C, not currently obtained with a majority of freezers [27]. Azlocillin [28], carbenicillin [26,28,29], piperacillin [62,63], temocillin [65], ticarcillin [27,48], support MFTT. Stability for storage after thawing was evaluated for ampicilline [27], carbenicilline [26] and ticarcilline [27,48].…”

“…The stability for storage after thawing was evaluated [26,27,43,48]. Combinations of penicillins and beta-lactamases (J01CR: piperacilline + tazobactam) was submitted with success to MFTT and can be stored after thawing [62]. In the first generation of cephaslosporins (J01DB): cefazolin [22,28], cephalotin [26], cephapirin [41] remains chemically stable during MFTT and can be stored after thawing [22,26,28,41].…”

“…The stability for a period of 24 hours at least was described for 17 drugs in 8 papers [22,[26][27][28][29]34,41,43,48]. Indeed, only 3 teams have tested the long-term stability after MFTT, the first for ganciclovir after 7 days [51], the second for ceftizoxime after 30 days [36] and the third for 19 drugs after 11 to 70 days described in 18 papers [16,23,31,38,39,46,49,50,[52][53][54]58,60,62,[64][65][66]73].…”

Stability of Aseptically Prepared Tazocin Solutions in Polyvinyl Chloride Bags

“…Moon and others 2 reported that solutions of tazobactam (10 mg/mL) and piperacillin (80 mg/mL) in both D5W and NS were stable for 30 days when stored at -15°C. Hecq and others 3 found that solutions of tazobactam (4.4 mg/mL) and piperacillin (33.3 mg/mL) in D5W retained above 90% of the initial concentration for 35 days when stored at 4°C after freezing and microwave thawing. Rigge and Jones 4 reported that the combination of tazobactam (5 mg/mL) and piperacillin (40 mg/mL) in NS stored in PVC bags was stable for 5 days at 7°C and 4 days at 25°C, irrespective of exposure to light.…”

Effect of freeze-thawing on the long-term stability of calcium levofolinate in 5% dextrose stored on polyolefin infusion bags

“…Previously, folinate salt (racemic) and its long-term stability in dextrose 5% infusion at 5 ± 3°C has been successfully studied in our institution (5), showing a concentration above 90% of the initial concentration during 30 days at least. Freeze-thaw treatment extends long-term storage of infusions (6), and the use of microwave oven reduces thawing time required for frozen infusions (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Combining these two methods, make time management easier for centralized hospital pharmacy service to prepare drugs and to improve safety by reducing workload and its potential consequence in preparation errors (17).…”