“…The limitations are not as stringent as they may seem, though, and it should be observed that metallic vanadium can be transformed to VO 2 by controlled oxidation [121][122][123][124] and that insulating V 2 O 5 van be transformed to VO 2 by controlled reduction in films. [125][126][127] There is a tendency that limited dimensions decreases c and widens the hysteresis in nanocrystalline films 46,48,[128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135] and nanorods. 27,28,81,90,118 This may be associated with internal stress in the particles.…”