Effect of heparin drug loading on biodegradable polycaprolactone–iron pentacarbonyl powder blend stents fabricated by solvent cast 3D printing

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to fabricate pre-existing geometries of the stents using solvent cast 3D printing (SC3P) and encapsulation of each stent with heparin drug by using aminolysis reaction. Design/methodology/approach The iron pentacarbonyl powder and poly-ɛ-caprolactone blend (PCIP) were used to print stent designs of Art18z, Palmaz-Schatz and Abbott Bvs1.1. The properties of antithrombosis, anticoagulation and blood compatibility were introduced in the stents by conjugation of heparin drug via the aminolysis process. The aminolysis process was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy due to presence of amide group and nitrogen peak in the respective analysis. Biological studies were performed to depict the cell viability, hemocompatibility and antithrombotic properties. Besides, mechanical behaviors were analyzed to study the behavior of the stents under radial compression load and bending load. Findings The amount of heparin immobilized on the Art18z, Palmaz-Schatz and Abbott Bvs1.1 stents were 255 ± 27, 222 ± 30 and 212 ± 13 µg, respectively. The cell viability studies using L929 fibroblast cells confirmed the cytocompatibility of the stents. The heparinized SC3P printed stents displayed excellent thrombo-resistance, anticoagulation properties and hemocompatibility as confirmed by blood coagulation analysis, platelet adhesion test and hemolysis analysis. Besides, mechanical behavior was found in context of the real-life stents. All these assessments confirmed that the developed stents have the potential to be used in the real environment of coronary arteries. Originality/value Various customized shaped biodegradable stents were fabricated using 3D printing technique and encapsulated with heparin drug using aminolysis process.

Parametric experimental investigation of additive manufacturing-based distal ulna bone plate: a response surface methodology-based design approach

“…This technology offers a variety of advantages such as minimization of waste and production cost (Jiang et al, 2019), requirement of less labor (Zijm et al, 2019) and fabrication of complex and customized parts (Reddy et al, 2021). Integration of AM with digital medical imaging techniques and computer-aided design has led to the emergence of AM in biomedical field for fabrication of patient-specific implants (Al-Ahmari et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2021Singh et al, , 2022. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one such technique of AM that requires extrusion of polymer filament from the nozzle at high temperatures, which deposits on the build plate in semimolten form in a layer-by-layer manner until the entire geometry of the part has been achieved (Kumar and Sharma, 2021).…”

Predicting the compressive strength of additively manufactured PLA‐based orthopedic bone screws: A machine learning framework

“…[ 1 ] This technology offers various merits and functionalities such as precision, [ 2 ] ease of the process, [ 3 ] less material wastage, [ 4 ] personalization, [ 5 ] degree of freedom, [ 6 ] accuracy, [ 7 ] biocompatibility, [ 8 ] and customization [ 9 ] for the fabrication of complex structures used in biomedical applications. AM technique encompasses the fabrication of biodegradable cardiovascular stents, [ 10 ] patient‐specific prosthetics [ 11 ] and customized implants. [ 12 ] AM technology can provide different lattice structures that can be utilized in orthopedics for personalized implant design and porous bone screw fabrication.…”

“…fabrication of complex structures used in biomedical applications. AM technique encompasses the fabrication of biodegradable cardiovascular stents, [10] patient-specific prosthetics [11] and customized implants. [12] AM technology can provide different lattice structures that can be utilized in orthopedics for personalized implant design and porous bone screw fabrication.…”

Polydopamine coating on additive manufacturing‐based poly lactic acid structures with controllable parameters for enhanced mechanical properties: An experimental investigation

“…[15] Apart from controlling morphology of porous structure, this technique also provides flexibility in the fabrication of free-form structures with varying geometries and materials. [16,17] Several additive manufacturing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) [18,19] , solvent cast 3D printing, [20][21][22] stereolithography, [23,24] selective laser sintering, [25] electron beam melting, [26] laser engineered net shaping [27] have been employed for fabrication of porous structures using polycaprolactone, [28] acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, [29] polyetherether ketone, [30] poly vinyl alcohol [31] and poly lactic acid (PLA). [32] FDM technique is one of the methods involved in additive manufacturing that has been an area of interest in recent studies due to its capability of fabricating parts with high accuracy in a timely manner.…”