Effect of lactoferrin on selected immune system parameters and the gastrointestinal morphology in growing calves

Abstract

Summary Lactoferrin (LF) is a cationic iron‐binding glycoprotein that is abundantly expressed and secreted from glandular epithelial cells and a prominent component of the secondary granules of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Various in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate anti‐microbial, ‐viral, ‐mycotic and ‐inflammatory effects of LF, associated with modulations of the immune system. Effects of oral administered LF on selected immune system parameters were studied in calves. Five calves were fed LF beginning on day 3 of life with colostral milk and starting on day 6 of life milk replacer enriched with 0.16 % LF was fed. The average daily intake of LF per calf was 1.5–1.6 g/day. Additional five calves served as control group with identical treatment except for the LF supplementation. At the end of the study (day 61 of life), all calves were slaughtered and various tissues were sampled for histological and gene‐expression studies. LF given orally was shown to act as an immunomodulatory agent by enhancing the size of Peyer's patches in the ileum and increasing blood serum immunoglobulin G levels. In addition, the number of peripheral blood leucocytes increased and mRNA levels of various interleukins (IL) such as IL‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10 and interferon gamma (IFNγ) in those cells in response to LF treatment were enhanced. In blood, the mRNA expression of the pro‐inflammatory marker genes IL‐1β and IFNγ decreased over 10‐week treatment. Additionally, LF feeding decreased villus sizes in the jejunum. Together these findings emphasize the ability of LF to stimulate prominent immune system parameters and that it has the capacity to modulate the immune responses in a positive way.

Lactoferrin: A Powerful Antimicrobial Protein Present in Milk

“…bLf has shown beneficial effects when tested in patients with cancer [24][25][26], and some studies have shown that Lf can promote wound healing and bone growth [5]. bLf showed an immunostimulant effect in calves [27,28], chickens [29], and fishes [30,31]. To explain the physiological effects of bLf, it has been analyzed its bodily distribution in rodents and pigs.…”

Lactoferrin and Necrotizing Enterocolitis

“…4 Figure 1 reviews the wide range of actions attributed to LF. The ways that LF prevent NEC include: a) its role in host defense against pathogens, 17,18 b) its immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, 12,16,19,20 c) its regulation of intestinal cell growth, 9,21,22 and d) its biochemical actions that include ferric iron transport, 23,24 enzymatic activity, 25,26 and nuclear binding and initiation of transcription. 18,27,28 …”

Lactoferrin and necrotizing enterocolitis

“…12 Human LF enabled B cells from normal newborn and adult immuno-deficient CBA/N mice to present antigen to an antigen-specific Thelper type 2 (Th2) cell line. 12 ◆ LF given orally to calves increases the size of Peyer's patches in the ileum and blood levels of immunoglobulin G. 54 Neonatal rats feed rhLF and Lactobacillus GG compared to LGG alone had an accelerated appearance of 'domed villi', the precursors of Peyer's patches. 15 This finding may result in increased IgA secretion into the intestinal lumen.…”

“…4 Figure 1 reviews the wide range of actions attributed to LF. The ways that LF prevent NEC include: a) its role in host defense against pathogens, 17,18 b) its immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, 12,16,19,20 c) its regulation of intestinal cell growth, 9,21,22 and d) its biochemical actions that include ferric iron transport, 23,24 enzymatic activity, 25,26 and nuclear binding and initiation of transcription. 18,27,28 The pathophysiology of NEC is complex, but several factors are accepted as effectors of the disease.…”