Effect of microstructure evolution on the mechanical behavior of magneto-active elastomers with different matrix stiffness

Roghani, Mehran; Romeis, Dirk; Saphiannikova, Marina

doi:10.1039/d3sm00906h

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…This increase in stiffness improves the compressive modulus, which is higher for anisotropic composites. Such an anisotropic stiffening effect is desirable where control of the specific alignment is crucial [42,43]. It can be understood more effectively in Figure 4d.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Anisotropic Effectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Stretchable Magneto-Mechanical Configurations with High Magnetic Sensitivity Based on “Gel-Type” Soft Rubber for Intelligent Applications

Kumar,

Park

2024

Gels

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“Gel-type” soft and stretchable magneto-mechanical composites made of silicone rubber and iron particles are in focus because of their high magnetic sensitivity, and intelligence perspective. The “intelligence” mentioned here is related to the “smartness” of these magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) to tune the “mechanical stiffness” and “output voltage” in energy-harvesting applications by switching magnetic fields. Hence, this work develops “gel-type” soft composites based on rubber reinforced with iron particles in a hybrid with piezoelectric fillers such as barium titanate. A further aspect of the work relies on studying the mechanical stability of intelligence and the stretchability of the composites. For example, the stretchability was 105% (control), and higher for 158% (60 per 100 parts of rubber (phr) of barium titanate, BaTiO3), 149% (60 phr of electrolyte iron particles, EIP), and 148% (60 phr of BaTiO3 + EIP hybrid). Then, the magneto-mechanical aspect will be investigated to explore the magnetic sensitivity of these “gel-type” soft composites with a change in mechanical stiffness under a magnetic field. For example, the anisotropic effect was 14.3% (60 phr of EIP), and 4.4% (60 phr of hybrid). Finally, energy harvesting was performed. For example, the isotropic samples exhibit ~20 mV (60 phr of BaTiO3), ~5.4 mV (60 phr of EIP), and ~3.7 mV (60 phr of hybrid). However, the anisotropic samples exhibit ~5.6 mV (60 phr of EIP), and ~8.8 mV (60 phr of hybrid). In the end, the composites prepared have three configurations, namely one with electro-mechanical aspects, another with magnetic sensitivity, and a third with both features. Overall, the experimental outcomes will make fabricated composites useful for different intelligent and stretchable applications.

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Section: Mechanism Of Anisotropic Effectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Stretchable Magneto-Mechanical Configurations with High Magnetic Sensitivity Based on “Gel-Type” Soft Rubber for Intelligent Applications

Kumar,

Park

2024

Gels

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“…MAEs are composite materials consisting of a soft polymer matrix filled with micrometer-sized magnetic particles [30,31]. MAEs fall into the category of the so-called 'smart' materials, as they can react to an external stimulus (magnetic field) altering the material's properties such as increase the shear storage and loss moduli (magnetorheological effect) and induced plasticity [30,[32][33][34][35][36]. It can be expected that these effects can directly influence the rebound characteristics of a rigid ball on the MAE material by altering the energy dissipation and spring forces acting on the ball [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable rebound of millimeter-sized rigid balls by magnetic actuation of elastomer-based surface microstructures

Kriegl,

Jezeršek,

Kravanja

et al. 2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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A novel method for controlling the rebound behavior of small balls made of Al2O3 with a radius of 2.381 mm is presented. It uses different types of micro-structured surfaces of soft magnetoactive elastomers. These surfaces were fabricated via laser micromachining and include fully ablated surfaces as well as micrometer-sized lamellas with a fixed width of 90 µm, height of 250 µm and three different gap sizes (15, 60 and 105 µm). The lamellas can change their orientation from edge-on to face-on configuration according to the direction of the external magnetic field from a permanent magnet. The orientation of the external magnetic field significantly influences the rebound behavior of the balls, from a coefficient of restitution e of ≈ 0.5 to < 0.1. The highest relative change in the coefficient of restitution between zero field and face-on configuration of ≈ 80 % is observed for lamellas with a gap of 60 µm. Other characteristics of the ball rebound such as the penetration depth into an Magnetoactive elastomer and the maximum deceleration are investigated as well. The proposed method does not require a constant power supply due to the use of permanent magnets. It may find novel applications in the field of impact engineering.

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“…In recent years, there is growing interest in the investigation of magnetic-field-induced macroscopic deformations of an intriguing class of polymer-based ferromagnetic composite materials, known as magnetorheological or magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In general, MAE comprise micro- or nanometer-sized ferromagnetic particles embedded into a soft elastomer matrix [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Response of Macroscopic Deformation of Magnetoactive Elastomeric Cylinders in Uniform Magnetic Fields

Glavan,

Belyaeva,

Shamonin

2024

Polymers

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Significant deformations of bodies made from compliant magnetoactive elastomers (MAE) in magnetic fields make these materials promising for applications in magnetically controlled actuators for soft robotics. Reported experimental research in this context was devoted to the behaviour in the quasi-static magnetic field, but the transient dynamics are of great practical importance. This paper presents an experimental study of the transient response of apparent longitudinal and transverse strains of a family of isotropic and anisotropic MAE cylinders with six different aspect ratios in time-varying uniform magnetic fields. The time dependence of the magnetic field has a trapezoidal form, where the rate of both legs is varied between 52 and 757 kA/(s·m) and the maximum magnetic field takes three values between 153 and 505 kA/m. It is proposed to introduce four characteristic times: two for the delay of the transient response during increasing and decreasing magnetic field, as well as two for rise and fall times. To facilitate the comparison between different magnetic field rates, these characteristic times are further normalized on the rise time of the magnetic field ramp. The dependence of the normalized characteristic times on the aspect ratio, the magnetic field slew rate, maximum magnetic field values, initial internal structure (isotropic versus anisotropic specimens) and weight fraction of the soft-magnetic filler are obtained and discussed in detail. The normalized magnetostrictive hysteresis loop is introduced, and used to explain why the normalized delay times vary with changing experimental parameters.

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Effect of microstructure evolution on the mechanical behavior of magneto-active elastomers with different matrix stiffness

Abstract: Evolution of microstructure in Magneto-Active Elastomers (MAEs) which can be caused by an applied magnetic field is a fascinating phenomenon with a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of the...

Cited by 6 publications

References 76 publications

Stretchable Magneto-Mechanical Configurations with High Magnetic Sensitivity Based on “Gel-Type” Soft Rubber for Intelligent Applications

Stretchable Magneto-Mechanical Configurations with High Magnetic Sensitivity Based on “Gel-Type” Soft Rubber for Intelligent Applications

Tunable rebound of millimeter-sized rigid balls by magnetic actuation of elastomer-based surface microstructures

Transient Response of Macroscopic Deformation of Magnetoactive Elastomeric Cylinders in Uniform Magnetic Fields

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