Effect of moringa seed extract in chlorpyrifos-induced cerebral and ocular toxicity in mice

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphosphate-based (OP) insecticides. Its wide use has led to higher morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Moringa seed extracts (MSE) have shown neuroprotective activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial features. The literature lacks data investigating the role of MSE against CPF-induced cerebral and ocular toxicity in mice. Therefore, we aim to investigate this concern. A total of 40 mature male Wistar Albino mice were randomly distributed to five groups. Initially, they underwent a one-week adaptation period, followed by a one-week treatment regimen. The groups included a control group that received saline, MSE 100 mg/kg, CPF 12 mg/kg, CPF-MSE 50 mg/kg, and CPF-MSE 100 mg/kg. After the treatment phase, analyses were conducted on serum, ocular, and cerebral tissues. MSE100 and CPF-MSE100 normalized the pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and AChE serum levels. CPF-MSE50 significantly enhanced these serum levels compared to CPF; however, it showed higher levels compared to the control. Moreover, the tissue analysis showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)) and an increase in antioxidant markers (glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the treated groups compared to CPF. Importantly, the significance of these effects was found to be dose-dependent, particularly evident in the CPF-MSE100 group. We conclude that MSE has a promising therapeutic effect in the cerebral and ocular tissues of CPF-intoxicated mice, providing a potential solution for OP public health issues.

Protective effects of l-theanine and dihydromyricetin on reproductive function in male mice under heat stress

“…37,50 This is similar to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects exhibited by carotenoids and moringa seeds. 32,34 Therefore, LTA and DHM, along with their combined intervention, can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in the testes of mice, thereby protecting male reproductive function during HS. Dietary zinc also has the same effect.…”

“…Illustrative examples encompass l -theanine, dihydromyricetin, carotenoids, curcumin, and moringa seeds. 31–34 l -Theanine (LTA), an amide compound, is an abundant non-protein amino acid present in tea, which is commonly used as an ingredient in health and functional food products. 35 Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a flavonoid compound extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata and has a variety of biological activities.…”