Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Abstract

Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen-phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 micro g mL(-1) spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.

Inhibitory effect of skatole (3-methylindole) on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894 biofilm formation mediated by elevated endogenous oxidative stress

“…The hexane layer was transferred to an injection vial, and 3 μ l of sample was injected into the GC (Beier et al . ).…”

“…method (Beier et al . ) with minor modifications. An Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) was used in this study.…”

“…The emulsion was then centrifuged for 10 min at 2739 g. The hexane layer was transferred to an injection vial, and 3 ll of sample was injected into the GC (Beier et al 2009). The concentration of skatole was analysed according to the Beier et al method (Beier et al 2009) with minor modifications. An Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used in this study.…”

Skatole remediation potential of Rhodopseudomonas palustris WKU-KDNS3 isolated from an animal waste lagoon

“…It causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans (Beir et al . ). Skatole also dominates the malodor emission from human waste generated by open defecation (latrines)—prevalent in a large number of emerging countries (Lin et al .…”

“…The pneumotoxicity of 3MI is believed to be due to covalent binding of a P450-generated intermediate to critical pulmonary proteins (Deslandes et al 2001). It causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans (Beir et al 2009). Skatole also dominates the malodor emission from human waste generated by open defecation (latrines)prevalent in a large number of emerging countries (Lin et al 2013).…”