“…A large number of studies have investigated the influence of age, gender, postural change, lower body negative pressure, exercise, pharmacological manoeuvres, etc. on tissue Doppler parameters, and several reference values have been proposed (Wilkenshoff et al, 1998;Alam et al, 1999;Kukulski et al, 2000;Nikitin et al, 2003;Am a et al, 2004;Pel a et al, 2004;Lindqvist et al, 2005;Innelli et al, 2008;Pirat et al, 2008;Chahal et al, 2010;Uz et al, 2011). Food intake is known to significantly alter the hemodynamics of the heart (Fagan et al, 1986;Ishimine et al, 1994;Gilligan et al, 1996).…”