“…Studies on the pre-formation stage of alliances focus upon the motives impelling alliance formation (Contractor, 1991; Gulati and Singh, 1998; Hamel, 1991; Kogut, 1991), the role of trust between partners (Asgari et al , 2017, 2018; Das and Teng, 1998; Gulati, 1995; Parkhe, 1998; Zaheer et al , 1998), partner identification and due diligence (Batra et al , 2021; Billitteri et al , 2013; Chang et al , 2013; Chirra and Kumar, 2020; Geringer, 1991; Glaister and Buckley, 1994; Luo, 1997; Stern et al , 2014; Tepic et al , 2011). Meanwhile, the literature on the formation phase addresses the scope of the alliance (Doz and Hamel, 1998; Khanna et al , 1998; Ozcan, 2018; Varadarajan and Cunningham, 1995), its structure—supplier-buyer, licensing, franchising, consortium, minority investment or joint venture (Das and Teng, 2001; Johnson and Houston, 2000; Lee et al , 1998), the role of complementarity (Deitz et al , 2010; Harrison et al , 2001; Hitt et al , 2004; Rothaermel, 2001; Shahmehr et al , 2015; Sharma et al , 2019, 2020a) and the effect of institutional and cultural factors on alliance formation (Barkema et al , 1996; Christ and Nicolaou, 2016; Contador et al , 2020; Lane and Beamish, 1990; López-Duarte and Vidal-Suárez, 2013; Yaghmaie and Vanhaverbeke, 2019).…”