Effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Poorolajal, Jalal; Bahrami, Mehdi; Karami, Manoochehr; Hooshmand, Elham

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw030

Cited by 39 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…We chose to include a number of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables likely to be associated with both neuroticism and suicide: unemployment, 28 , 32 , 37 , 41 community economic deprivation, 30 , 32 , 37 , 39 social support, 31 , 38 living with a spouse or partner, 32 , 35 , 42 living with a child, 32 , 35 , 42 cigarette smoking, 20 , 23 , 24 , 26 alcohol use, 19 , 22 , 25 and stressful life events in the past 2 years, including getting divorced, 32 , 33 , 35 the death of a spouse or partner 61 , 62 and financial difficulties. 30 , 32 , 37 , 63 Categorical covariates were coded such that the hypothesised risk or protective factor for suicide was coded as 1 (present) and 0 (absent).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroticism and suicide in a general population cohort: results from the UK Biobank Project

et al. 2018

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BackgroundNeuroticism has often been linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviour.AimsTo examine whether neuroticism is associated with suicide deaths after adjusting for known risks.MethodUK Biobank participants (n = 389 365) were assessed for neuroticism as well as social, demographic and health-related variables at study entry and followed for up to 10 years. Suicide risk was modelled using Cox regression stratified by gender.ResultsNeuroticism increased the risk of suicide in both men (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% CI 1.09–1.22) and women (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.27). In a subsample who were assessed for mood disorders, neuroticism remained a significant predictor for women (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03–1.51) but not for men.ConclusionsScreening and therapeutic interventions for neuroticism may be important for early suicide prevention.Declaration of interestNone.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroticism and suicide in a general population cohort: results from the UK Biobank Project

et al. 2018

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“…Cigarette smoking is a well‐established risk factor for MS onset, with a clear dose–response relationship . Age at starting smoking does not seem to affect MS risk .…”

Section: Cause Versus Course – Are the Risk Factors Different?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review

Waubant

Lucas

Mowry

et al. 2019

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

232

184

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Recent findings have provided a molecular basis for the combined contributions of multifaceted risk factors for the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS appears to start as a chronic dysregulation of immune homeostasis resulting from complex interactions between genetic predispositions, infectious exposures, and factors that lead to pro‐inflammatory states, including smoking, obesity, and low sun exposure. This is supported by the discovery of gene–environment (GxE) interactions and epigenetic alterations triggered by environmental exposures in individuals with particular genetic make‐ups. It is notable that several of these pro‐inflammatory factors have not emerged as strong prognostic indicators. Biological processes at play during the relapsing phase of the disease may result from initial inflammatory‐mediated injury, while risk factors for the later phase of MS, which is weighted toward neurodegeneration, are not yet well defined. This integrated review of current evidence guides recommendations for clinical practice and highlights research gaps.

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“…66 Another recent study provided information regarding the effects of different smoking habits on MS risk, indicating a dose-response relationship between these two variables. 67 It was deduced by one study that the increased MS risk associated with smoking remains up to 5 years after cessation of smoking. 68 The effect of maternal smoking on MS risk is not clarified yet, but one case control study showed a higher risk, 69 and a second showed no association.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective and Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2019

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Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Damage to myelin proteins occurs during MS progression and relapse. Over 2 million people suffer from the consequences of pathological mechanisms which MS involves, monocular visual loss, limb weakness/sensory loss, diplopia (double vision) and ataxia resulting from optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, brainstem dysfunction, and cerebellar lesions being among them. 1 Based on the disease course, MS patients can be divided into four main types: I) Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), which is by far the most common type, affecting about 85% of MS patients; II) Secondary progressive MS (SPMS), which may progress in patients with relapsingremitting MS; III) Primary progressive MS (PPMS); and IV) Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS). 2 A recently detected subtype of the disease described as "myelocortical MS" argues against the idea that neural degeneration necessarily occurs following demyelination. In patients with myelocortical MS, demyelinated lesions in cerebral white matter were not observed. Similar to typical MS courses, however, the mean cortical neuronal densities were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls. 3 These new findings will further improve the diagnoses and treatments utilized in MS patients. Genetic Factors Human Leukocyte Antigen and microRNAs Genes The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 gene explains up to 10.5% of the genetic variance underlying risk. 4 HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele has the strongest association with increased MS risk among genetic risk factors and has been consistently associated with MS susceptibility in approximately all populations studied, pointing to a specific antigen presentation as the pathogenic mechanism. Based on previous studies, the association between MS and the HLA-DR15 haplotype (HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele and the alleles in linkage disequilibrium with it; HLA-DQB1*0602 and HLA-DQA1*0102) has been shown throughout both European and non-European populations, 5 except in Sardinian individuals, among whom MS susceptibility has been reported to be associated with HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0405, DQA1*0301, DQB1*0302) instead of HLA-DR15. 5-7 The association between HLA-DR2 and MS has been observed mostly among northern European populations. 8 A single vitamin D response element was identified in the HLA-DRB1 promoter region, advancing the idea of an interaction between vitamin D and HLA-DRB1. The role of this interaction in disease etiology has not been elucidated yet, but it can be hypothesized that a lack of vitamin D in early childhood can alter the expression levels of HLA

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Effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Abstract: Smoking habits are significantly associated with MS, although the association is not very strong. However, there is a dose-response relationship between the smoking habits and MS.

Cited by 39 publications

References 50 publications

Neuroticism and suicide in a general population cohort: results from the UK Biobank Project

Neuroticism and suicide in a general population cohort: results from the UK Biobank Project

Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review

Protective and Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis

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