Effect of the Early Environment on the Development of Flowering in Tomato II. Light and Temperature Interactions

Calvert, A.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1959.11513954

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Tomato plants are insensitive to day length but are responsive to light intensity (24). A particularly extreme case of light-dose-dependent flowering is conditioned by the recessive uf gene.…”

Section: Systemic Sft Signals Substitute For High Irradiance In Uniflmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

Lifschitz

Eviatar

Rozman

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

558

497

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Several indications implied that the Arabidopsis FT ( FLOW-ERING LOCUS T) gene provides a possible functional link between the systemic pathways and the cell-autonomous pathways to flowering. FT is a major integrator of the genetic pathways to flowering in short and long days (4, 5); it encodes a signaling factor (6, 7) and is not expressed in the SAM proper (8) but can be detected, upon induction, in shoot apices (SAPs) containing young leaves (9). Flowering is delayed in mutant ft plants (10, 11), and when FT is overexpressed, flowering occurs earlier with a determinate inflorescence (12, 13). FT is regulated by the flowering-time gene CONSTANS in both long-and short-day plants (14,15), and grafting experiments in Arabidopsis have shown that systemic induction of flowering by CONSTANS is most likely mediated by FT (16,17). It was recently shown that a small fraction of heat-shock-induced FT RNA, originating in a single leaf, is found in the SAPs, suggesting that the FT mRNA itself may represent a major component of florigen (18).We chose tomato, a photoperiod-insensitive plant, to test the premise that orthologs of the Arabidopsis FT gene can initiate a conserved, long-distance, flower-promoting pathway in diverse flowering systems. The generality of the florigen hypothesis was supported by interspecies grafting experiments (2). Grafting results are independent of the validity of promoters, the resolution of in situ hybridization patterns, inferences derived from the activation of upstream genes, or interpretations of clonal analysis. The perennial habit; the compound shoots, which permit the analysis of multiple vegetative͞floral transition events in one plant (19); and the ease of grafting render tomato as a useful experimental platform for investigating the nature of florigen. We expanded the analysis in tomato with parallel experiments in long-day Arabidopsis and short-day tobacco.The primary shoot of tomato is terminated by an inflorescence, after which the apparent main axis consists of an upright array of reiterated axillary branches called sympodial units (SUs). Each SU arises from the most proximal axillary bud of the preceding unit and consists of three vegetative nodes and a terminal inflorescence (Fig. 1A). The distinction between the primary and compound sections of sympodial plants provides two basic criteria for flowering time: the number of leaves to the first inflorescence in the primary shoot and the number of leaves between inflorescences in the compound part. Here, we identify the tomato FT ortholog as SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT), a gene regulating primary shoot flowering time, sympodial habit, and flower morphology. All aspects of the sft phenotype were complemented by graft-transmissible SFT signals, suggesting that all are the consequence of a common flowering-time defect. Significantly, graft-transmissible SFT signals substituted for light dose and two inductive photoperiodic stimuli in different species as well. ResultsThe Tomato Ortholog of FT Is Disrupted in Late-Flowering sft Mutants....

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Section: Systemic Sft Signals Substitute For High Irradiance In Uniflmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

Lifschitz

Eviatar

Rozman

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

558

497

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“…When tomato is grown under glasshouse conditions with no artificial light, an obvious delay in flowering occurs under winter conditions (Goodall 1937;Calvert 1964a). Experiments under controlled environmental conditions clearly showed that the number of leaves till flowering decreases (by ϳ 2 leaves) with an increase in daily light integral under a certain photoperiod (Calvert 1959). This effect of light is less pronounced under low temperatures (discussed above) that also promote flowering (Calvert 1959;Hussey 1963).…”

Section: Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The responsive tissue seems to be the aerial part of the plant (Phatak et al 1966). Since high temperatures cause an increase in rate of leaf production (Calvert 1959), the exact time in which the first inflorescence reaches anthesis is a 'balancing act' between the number of leaves till the first flower, and the rate of their production. Since the number is reduced by low temperatures, and the rate is increased by high temperatures, faster flowering can be achieved by combining a period of low temperatures followed by a period of high temperatures (Wittwer and Teubner 1957).…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The transition to flowering in tomato

Samach

Lotan

2007

Plant Biotechnology

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The genus Lycopersicon is native to western South America. Mexico appears to have been the site of domestication and the source of the earliest introductions of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.; previously named Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Likely environmental conditions in its natural habitat are little (25 mm) rainfall, high relative humidity, temperatures ranging from 10 to 24°C and photoperiods ranging from 11.5 to 12.5 hours per day (Cooper 1972). Tomato is a perennial plant usually grown as an annual.There are several excellent reviews on tomato flowering (Wittwer and Aung 1969;Picken et al. 1985;Atherton and Harris 1986;Dieleman and Heuvelink 1992; Kinet and Peet 1997; Lozano et al. 2000;Lifschitz and Eshed 2006). Here our focus will be on the timing of the initial transition to flowering and how environmental conditions affect this timing. Our current knowledge in tomato will be briefly compared to that known in other species, especially Arabidopsis.Unlike most model systems, such as Arabidopsis and rice, in tomato vegetative and reproductive phases alternate regularly along the compound (sympodial) shoots of tomato. The primary vegetative apex is terminated by an inflorescence (Sawhney and Greyson 1972), after 6-12 leaves have formed. As described below, the number of leaves depends on genetic background and on environmental cues. Upward growth then continues from a new vegetative shoot arising from the upper-most (proximal) side (axillary) bud (meristem) of the youngest leaf just below the terminating inflorescence. From then on, the stem is composed of reiterated units, sympodial segments, each with three nodal leaves and a terminal inflorescence. The position of the last leaf formed before the transition appears later on above the inflorescence. This is due to a partial fusion of its petiole with the new vegetative shoot arising from its axillary bud which displaces the inflorescence axis sideways, and places the leaf above it (Figure 1). Lateral branches emerging from axillary buds of other leaves, normally produce more leaves before appearance of the first flower, and are not partially fused to their host leaf petiole. This is an interesting point since although the plant has clearly already gone through a first transition to flowering, new branches do not seem to flower as quickly as sympodial branches (Lifschitz and Eshed 2006).The developmental 'time' of transition can be best measured by counting the number of leaves (or nodes) formed on the initial apical meristem before it is terminated with the production of the first inflorescence. In this review we will not mention conditions or Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a very important commercial crop and also a useful model to study the transition to flowering in a sympodial perennial plant. Here we try and summarize past and recent progress in understanding the environmental cues that affect the initial transition to flowering in this species and the genes that are involved in this transition and additional transitions occurring o...

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“…In poor light, competition for the products of assimilation between vegetative and reproductive tissues may determine the plant's flowering capability. In normal plants high temperature in poor light can induce arrested development of the inflorescences presumably because high temperature favours a high rate of leaf initiation (Calvert, 1959) at the expense of the developing inflorescence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flower initiation may be delayed in terms of both leaf number and time at low light intensity or high temperature; both together may result in up to eighteen leaves being formed before the first floral initiation (Calvert, 1959). In winter, when carbon assimilates are low, inflorescences may be irrevocably arrested (aborted) especially if high glasshouse temperatures also prevail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Characteristics of The‘rogue’tomato

Calvert¹

1974

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYA faster than normal rate of leaf production in the rogue tomato leads to earlier flowering in summer. In winter, growth of the inflorescence is less than the normal, often resulting in abortion.In the rogue there is an early short-term stimulation of growth of all axillar}^ buds. This, together with a smaller leaf area and shorter internodes, creates the characteristic rogue appearance. In general, however, the pattern of axillarj^ growth along the stem is similar in rogue and normal plants; an observation which provides little support for the theory that the rogue appearance is due to loss of apical dominance.Neither removal of the first two leaves nor IAA application influences the rate of leaf initiation in the rogue as it does in the normal, indicating the possibility that the rogue has a modified auxin control system.

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Effect of the Early Environment on the Development of Flowering in Tomato II. Light and Temperature Interactions

Cited by 38 publications

References 1 publication

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli

The transition to flowering in tomato

Growth Characteristics of The‘rogue’tomato

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