Effect of thermal cycling and aging stages on the microstructure and bending strength of a selective laser melted 300-grade maraging steel

Conde, Fábio Faria; Escobar, Julián; Oliveira, J.P.; Béreš, Miloslav; Jardini, André Luiz; Bose, W. W.; Ávila, Julián A.

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.129

Cited by 107 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…MS1 is a steel that can be aged, and forms precipitates such as Ni 3 Mo, Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Ti, Fe 2 Mo, etc. [ 23–30 ] . MS1 is a fascinating steel for engineering applications because of its good weldability, machinability, and surface treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Effects of Different Heat‐Treatment Parameters on Microstructure–Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Maraging Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Özer

Karaaslan

2020

steel research int.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the most remarkable manufacturing technology developed in recent years. With this technology, it can produce products directly from a computeraided design model. In this respect, AM technologies can provide parts in less time compared with traditional production methods by producing less waste with a shorter processing step and will be very important for future industry applications because of these features. [1-5] Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a process of bonding (sintering) powder particles to each other by exceeding the melting temperature utilizing a laser beam. SLS machines can be given different names. EOS GmbH (Germany) has described this process as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). [6,7] DMLS is an advanced technology that enables the rapid production of complex-shaped 3D parts using metal powders. [8] DMLS has a unique ultrafine and metastable microstructure, thanks to its fast solidification rate (10 3-10 8 K s À1). [9] This rapid solidification results in high thermal gradients and short interaction time. Thus, the microstructures of DMLS-produced materials are different than those produced by conventional methods. Tool steels produced by AM methods also have microstructures that are quite different from traditional cast-tool steels. Due to the advantages of the SLS method, it is widely used in aerospace, medical, defense, and automotive industries. AlSi10Mg, titanium, stainless steels, composites, tool steels, and Ni-based alloys can be produced by the DMLS method. [10-15] The name "Maraging" comes from the combination of martensite and aging. [16] Maraging steels (MS1) are valuable materials due to their excellent formability, weldability, toughness, and high strength. Therefore, it is preferred in critical applications such as submarine bodies, gears, rocket engine cases, aircraft components, pressure vessels. [17-22] 18Ni-300 MS1 is used in the AM processes. MS1 is a steel that can be aged, and forms precipitates such as Ni 3 Mo, Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Ti, Fe 2 Mo, etc. [23-30]. MS1 is a fascinating steel for engineering applications because of its good weldability, machinability, and surface treatment. MS1 produced with DMLS show low strength in as-built condition. Various heat treatments are applied to this material to increase strength. These heat treatments are directly aged from the as-built state (aged) and solution and after aging (SHT) heat treatments. [31,32] In the literature, MS1 studies that were produced by the SLM method have been done before, but these are limited. Also, no research has been done about MS1 produced by the DMLS

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Effects of Different Heat‐Treatment Parameters on Microstructure–Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Maraging Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Özer

Karaaslan

2020

steel research int.

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“…Most commercially available maraging steels are alloyed with a tiny proportion of austenite stabilizers such as titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum, to avoid the formation of retained austenite. Although, the aging temperature of 490 °C in this study is lower than the austenite starts temperature of 650 °C, but the higher concentration of Nickel and other alloying elements in cell boundaries during solidification reduces the austenite forming temperature in the selective laser melted maraging steel components [41]. As a result, more austenite forms compared to the as‐built state, and this further accelerates with the aging duration [11, 39, 42].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…These interim heat‐treatments exposes the solidified regions at temperatures below the melting point (1413 °C) of maraging steels. However, the exposure is in a fraction of seconds, but heating samples close to the austenite forming temperature can facilitate some fractions of reverted austenites in the additive samples [11, 41]. The austenite start and finished temperature in maraging steels for a nominal 18.3 wt % Nickel is roughly around 650 °C and 750 °C, respectively [41].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the exposure is in a fraction of seconds, but heating samples close to the austenite forming temperature can facilitate some fractions of reverted austenites in the additive samples [11, 41]. The austenite start and finished temperature in maraging steels for a nominal 18.3 wt % Nickel is roughly around 650 °C and 750 °C, respectively [41]. Besides, near the top regions where the heat‐dissipation is relatively low, the material exposure to high temperature can last several seconds to facilitate more austenite reversion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, near the top regions where the heat‐dissipation is relatively low, the material exposure to high temperature can last several seconds to facilitate more austenite reversion. Depending on the alloying concentration, the austenite reversion in maraging samples can even start below the austenite forming temperatures due to the undercooling effect generated by the increased Nickel content in the region [41]. However, the percentage of reverted austenites in the as‐built maraging samples is extremely limited due to inadequate exposure to high temperatures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of aging and drag‐finishing on the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of the selective laser melted maraging steel samples

Khan

Özer

Tarakçı

et al. 2021

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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The maraging steel components fabricated using the selective laser melting process exhibit remarkable static strength. However, high pore density and large surface imperfections impede their overall mechanical and chemical performance. Thus, the components are often post‐treated with mechanical‐ and thermal‐based treatments to overcome their inherent imperfections and enhance their final mechanical properties. Although the post‐processing treatments are useful in enhancing the selective laser melted components’ mechanical performance, their effect on corrosion behavior is not comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the selective laser melting prepared maraging steel samples’ corrosion behavior was examined in the as‐built condition and compared with the post‐processed samples subjected to aging and drag finishing operations. Compared to the as‐built condition, both aging and drag‐finishing post‐processing treatments increased the selective laser melting samples’ corrosion even though the surface integrity was improved.

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Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Square‐Celled TRIP Steel Honeycomb Structures Produced by Electron Beam Melting

et al. 2020

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Material-and energy-saving lightweight constructions are of particular interest to the industry since decades, especially for vehicle and aircraft production. One of the ways of reducing the weight in components is to replace a solid matrix by periodically recurring cell or truss structure. Cellular materials such as metallic foams, truss, or honeycomb structures are characterized by high specific energy absorption and rigidness. Due to their high specific stiffness and compressive strength, square honeycomb structures are well suited for energy dissipating stiffeners, such as sandwich panels and bumpers. [1][2][3] However, the production of honeycomb structures using conventional manufacturing methods is very complex. Metallic square-celled honeycomb structures are often produced in two ways: either slotted metal strips are inserted into each other and joined together by soldering, or they are produced by metal extrusion using complex dies. [4,5] Another recently developed technology is the extrusion of powders with a binder and subsequent debinding and sintering. [6,7] In contrast, additive manufacturing (AM) allows producing most of the complex lightweight structures in a single manufacturing step. All of the AM methods are based on the computer-aided design (CAD), taking a model of a component and building it up layer by layer. One of the most advanced AM methods for the fabrication of metallic components is the electron beam powder-bed fusion (EB-PBF) technology, which is called electron beam melting (EBM) in the following. This process belongs to the group of powderbed AM technologies in which powder particles are fused layer by layer. [8,9] The EBM process is somewhat similar to the widely used selective laser melting (SLM) process, although there are principal differences between laser and electron beam. [10] The microstructure of EBM-manufactured materials is often characterized by columnar and epitaxial grain morphology. Continuous melt crystallization through the multiple layers results in the formation of a strong texture and anisotropy. [8,[11][12][13] This phenomenon can even be utilized to produce single crystalline superalloys by adapting EBM scanning strategy. [14,15] However, in case of materials which can undergo phase transformation in the solid state during cooling (Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V doped with Cu or La, titanium aluminide, and so on), the mentioned columnar and textured structure can be avoided.

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Effect of thermal cycling and aging stages on the microstructure and bending strength of a selective laser melted 300-grade maraging steel

Cited by 107 publications

References 28 publications

A Study on the Effects of Different Heat‐Treatment Parameters on Microstructure–Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Maraging Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

A Study on the Effects of Different Heat‐Treatment Parameters on Microstructure–Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Maraging Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

The impact of aging and drag‐finishing on the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of the selective laser melted maraging steel samples

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Square‐Celled TRIP Steel Honeycomb Structures Produced by Electron Beam Melting

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