Effect of Unequal Clustering Algorithms in WirelessHART networks

Abstract

The use of Graph Routing in Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (WirelessHART) networks offers the benefit of increased reliability of communications because of path redundancy and multi-hop network paths. Nonetheless, Graph Routing in a WirelessHART network creates a hotspot challenge resulting from unbalanced energy consumption. This paper proposes the use of unequal clustering algorithms based on Graph Routing in WirelessHART networks to help with balancing energy consumption, maximizing reliability, and reducing the number of hops in the network. Graph Routing is compared with pre-set and probabilistic unequal clustering algorithms in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, throughput and average end-to-end delay. A simulation test reveals that Graph Routing has improved energy consumption, throughput and reduced average end-to-end delay when conducted using probabilistic unequal clustering algorithms. However, there is no significant change in the packet delivery ratio, as most packets reach their destination successfully anyway.

Enhancing Graph Routing Algorithm of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Using the Covariance-Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy

“…This work focuses on how sensor nodes in IWSN monitoring systems create the uplink graph that they use when transmitting sensor data to the , where details of the GR algorithm mechanism are in [ 8 ]. Mesh topologies were selected because IWSNs are commonly of this type, with static sensor nodes powered by batteries [ 2 ].…”

“…Each node in a system was assumed to be homogeneous in terms of having the same size and energy. The maximum energy of each node was thus assumed to be 0.5 J [ 8 ]. The energy model described in [ 8 ] As real IWSN are subject to different wireless channel conditions, a general path loss model for Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) estimation was incorporated.…”

“…The maximum energy of each node was thus assumed to be 0.5 J [ 8 ]. The energy model described in [ 8 ] As real IWSN are subject to different wireless channel conditions, a general path loss model for Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) estimation was incorporated. A packet loss physical layer probability model, and O-QPSK modulation were also included in the propagation model [ 7 ] based on the WirelessHART standard.…”

“…Where sufficient reliability cannot be achieved by the MAC layer [ 7 ], redundant routes can be applied by the GR algorithm at the network layer [ 2 ]. Retransmission is an effective method for increasing reliability, but it also increases end-to-end transmission time [ 8 ].…”

“…Lastly, the workload of sensor nodes around a must also be considered since, due to centralisation in IWSNs, nodes closer to the are often overburdened with high traffic loads as compared to those further away. This is because packets from the entire region are forwarded through the former to reach the , leading to an imbalance in energy consumption that reduces the life-time of the network [ 8 ].…”