Effect of Various Rinsing Protocols after Use of Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride Toothpaste on the Bacterial Composition of Dental Plaque

Abstract

This clinical study evaluated the effect of different oral hygiene protocols on the bacterial composition of dental plaque. After a 2-week period of using fluoride-free toothpaste, 30 participants followed three 1-week experimental protocols, each followed by 2-week fluoride-free washout periods in a randomized crossover examiner-blind controlled trial. The 1-week experimental protocols comprised the use of AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste twice daily, after which participants either (1) rinsed with tap water, (2) did not rinse but only spat out the toothpaste, or (3) rinsed with an AmF/SnF₂ mouthwash. In the fluoride-free washout periods, the participants brushed their teeth with fluoride-free toothpaste without further instructions. Six hours after the last brushing (± rinsing) of each period, buccal plaque samples in the upper molar region were taken. The microbiota composition of the plaque samples was analyzed by checkerboard DNA:DNA hybridization. A statistically significant reduction was found in the total amount of DNA of the 39 major plaque species measured, and in the proportions of some acid-producing bacterial strains after the period having used the AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste + AmF/SnF₂ mouthrinsing. The results indicate that using the AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste and rinse combination could result in plaque of lower cariogenicity.

No differences in microbiome changes between anti‐adhesive and antibacterial ingredients in toothpastes during periodontal therapy

“…Metal salts can be bactericidal against oral bacteria and also possess anti‐plaque activity and can inhibit bacterial enzymes . Van Loveren et al evaluated 39 bacterial species from supragingival plaque of 30 subjects (mean age 26.8 ± 7.3 years) with DNA‐DNA checkerboard. By observing different rinsing and brushing protocols, a general plaque‐reducing effect of AmF/SnF 2 toothpaste and mouthwash compared to the fluoride‐free control was found.…”

“…Van Loveren et al32 Streptococcus 33,34. Another study that evaluated a toothpaste containing lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin35 reported a microbiome shift after 12 weeks usage in form of increasing number of bacterial species associated with periodontal health and decrease in periodontal disease associated species.…”

The Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances and Fluoride Mouthwash on the Oral Microbiome of Adolescents – A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

“…In this study, an amine fluoride (AmF) combined with stannous fluoride (SnF 2 ) mouthwash was used to reduce the amount of demineralization, since fluoride is a well-established anti-caries agent [ 23 ] and caries is an infectious bacterial disease. Compliance is regarded as a drawback in studies aiming to observe the effect of a mouthwash.…”

The Evolving Microbiome of Dental Caries

“…This cost-effective community-based approach is dependent on access to drinking water systems and public health policies at national, state, or local governmental levels [ 240 ]. Use of toothpastes or mouthrinses containing sodium fluoride (NaF), amine fluoride (AmF), acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), and stannous fluoride (SnF 2 ), among others, reduces plaque accumulation on tooth surfaces [ 241 ] and lowers the cariogenicity of dental plaque [ 242 ]. Two mechanisms described as underlying fluoride anticaries activity—antimicrobial action and promoting enamel hardness via chemical reaction—will be described in the following two subsections.…”