Effect of wetting method on the broiler transport in Brazilian Northeast

Pinheiro, Daniel Gurgel; Filho, José Antônio Delfino Barbosa; Machado, Nítalo André Farias

doi:10.31893/jabb.20022

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The practice of "wetting the load" during loading, common in tropical regions, may have contributed negatively to the efficiency of heat dissipation of pigs during transport, it is known that wetting can provide the accumulation of water in the trailer (Pinheiro et al, 2020), expanding the water vapor content in the air parcel close to the animals, especially in the frontal (C7 and C8) and central (C9 and C10) regions of the LD, due to the deficiency of ventilation in these areas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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This study evaluates the dynamics of heat zones in the load and its relationship with the stress of pigs during transport. Four journeys of 170 km were monitored, recording the physiological variables of 192 animals (48 per journey), namely rectal temperature (RT), body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), blood lactate concentrations and salivary cortisol. Heat zones and ventilation patterns were characterized by the spatial variability of the enthalpy and the Computational Fluid Dynamics of the load. The formation of a thermal core was observed in the frontal region of the load, which extended through the lower (LD) and upper (UD) decks. Pigs transported in the LD had higher means of RR (UD = 89 and LD = 94 breaths/min), and salivary cortisol (UD = 33.84 and LD = 34.92 ng/mL). The pigs transported in the UD presented the highest mean BT (UD = 38.9 and LD = 38.1 °C) and lactate (UD = 61.63 and LD = 58.26 mg/dL). Pigs transported in the LD of the load were more susceptible to thermal stress, while pigs transported in the UD showed greater physical stress and muscle exhaustion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During loading, the pig load was wetted by an employee using a hose. This is standard practice in tropical regions and aims to reduce the impacts of thermal stress (Pinheiro et al, 2020). The "wetting of the load" is carried out randomly along the trailer.…”

Section: Infrastructure and Logisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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“…Some studies (e.g. Douglas et al., 2019) indicate this is effective, whereas others do not (Luthra, 2017; Pinheiro et al., 2020).…”

Section: Assessment Of Scenario 1: Road Transport Of Domestic Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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This opinion, produced upon a request from the European Commission, focuses on transport of domestic birds and rabbits in containers (e.g. any crate, box, receptacle or other rigid structure used for the transport of animals, but not the means of transport itself). It describes and assesses current transport practices in the EU, based on data from literature, Member States and expert opinion. The species and categories of domestic birds assessed were mainly chickens for meat (broilers), end-of-lay hens and dayold chicks. They included to a lesser extent pullets, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and game birds, due to limited scientific evidence. The opinion focuses on road transport to slaughterhouses or to production sites. For day-old chicks, air transport is also addressed. The relevant stages of transport considered are preparation, loading, journey, arrival and uncrating. Welfare consequences associated with current transport practices were identified for each stage. For loading and uncrating, the highly relevant welfare consequences identified are handling stress, injuries, restriction of movement and sensory overstimulation. For the journey and arrival, injuries, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation, motion stress, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged hunger and prolonged thirst are identified as highly relevant. For each welfare consequence, animal-based measures (ABMs) and hazards were identified and assessed, and both preventive and corrective or mitigative measures proposed. Recommendations on quantitative criteria to prevent or mitigate welfare consequences are provided for microclimatic conditions, space allowances and journey times for all categories of animals, where scientific evidence and expert opinion support such outcomes.

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“…However, the maximum deformation was 0.53 mm prior to rupture ( Figure 4B). This low value can be explained by the solid design of the spacer device, which is necessary to ensure the rigidity and stability while stacking the crate (Pinheiro et al, 2020). The use of spacers between the crates to transport the chickens is aimed at establishing horizontal and vertical flows of 150 mm along the entire length of the load.…”

Section: Spacersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One can observe, for example, the predominance of the turbulent flow regime, proven by the negative values observed in Figure 6. This behavior can have a positive influence on the health and welfare of chickens because it enhances the process of heat transfer by the convection of birds owing to its contribution to greater air renewal, and consequently, a reduction in the saturated environment, resulting from the panting of the birds (Barbosa-Filho et al, 2009) as well as by the humidity caused by wetting the load before loading, which is a typical practice in countries with a tropical climate (Pinheiro et al, 2020). Santos et al (2020) evaluated the microclimate of the load during the transport of live chickens in Brazil during two typically different seasons, i.e., the dry (June to September) and rainy (November to January) seasons, and two transport distances (15 and 90 km).…”

Section: Simulation Of Cfdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Analysis of Load Ventilation in Broiler Transport

Pinheiro¹,

Machado²,

Filho³

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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The characterization of ventilation during the transport of broiler chickens is essential for identifying and characterizing the potential problems of a convective heat flow and its effects on the welfare and the health and production conditions of the chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ventilation patterns in two layout models of a live transport load: conventional (LC) and alternative (LA) with spacers placed between the chicken transport crates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel tests were performed using small scale models. The results showed that the use of spacers between crates (LA model) modified the ventilation patterns and increased the wind circulation between crates. However, wind tunnel tests simulating a density of eight birds/crate were inconclusive because the ventilation was below the sensitivity of the measuring devices used (0.001 m/s). It can be concluded that the use of spacers between the transport crates can modify the ventilation patterns within the load and increase the air circulation between the crates. However, the internal ventilation within the crates has not changed, suggesting the need for studies on the aerodynamics of a transport crate for poultry use.

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Effect of wetting method on the broiler transport in Brazilian Northeast

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers

Computational Analysis of Load Ventilation in Broiler Transport

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