Effective resting-state connectivity in severe unipolar depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy

Longitudinal resting-state network connectivity changes in electroconvulsive therapy patients compared to healthy controls

“…Therefore, we advocate adding a control group to account for test-retest effects in future research with functional neuroimaging. Other possibilities for the lack of detection of voxel-wise or between-network changes could be that rs-fMRI itself or its current analyses methods are not sensitive enough for current sample sizes, which is in line with another study using FC measures on the same dataset [ 18 , 51 , 52 ]. Larger sample sizes may be needed to capture specific voxel-wise alterations in the brain during ECT leading to changes in emergent higher-order functions [ 53 ].…”

“…Larger sample sizes may be needed to capture specific voxel-wise alterations in the brain during ECT leading to changes in emergent higher-order functions [ 53 ]. Also, other analyses methods of rs-fMRI, such as directional connectivity measures, may be able to detect functional changes (e.g., model-based methods such as dynamic causal modeling [ 51 ](42)), or structural modalities of MRI may be more sensitive [ 30 ].…”